Chapter 9-intelligence And IQ Testing

Question 1

What did Galton and Cattell believe intelligence is a byproduct of?

Answer 1

Sensory capacity.

• believed that people with superior sensory capacities, like better eyesight, should acquire more knowledge than other people. -intelligence is heritable
• verbal ability
• their claims were falsified later on

Question 2

What was Alfred Binet’s views on intelligence?

Answer 2

In contrast to Galton, they developed the first intelligence test which was designed to distinguish students that teachers perceived is plodding learners from other learners(in need of training)

• focus on education
• virtually all items on modern intelligence tests have followed Binet and Simon’s lead
• had idea of mental age: abstract thinking, mental abilities of a typical child of that chronological age

Question 3

Define intelligence test

Answer 3

Diagnostic tool designed to measure overall thinking ability

Question 4

Define abstract thinking

Answer 4

The capacity to understand the concepts, rather than concepts in the here and now

Question 5

What are some ways intelligence is described as

Answer 5

• understand complex ideas
• learn to adapt effectively to the environment
• to learn from experience
• acquire knowledge

Question 6

What spearman hypothesize

Answer 6

g( General intelligence) hypothetical factor that accounts for overall differences in intellect among people
-he thought, some people have more powerful, more effective and efficient brains than others. They have more g

Question 7

What is Cattell’s fluid and crystallized intelligence ?

Answer 7

Fluid intelligence refers to the capacity to learn new ways of solving problems while crystallized intelligence refers to the accumulated knowledge of the world we acquire overtime

Question 8

What is the factor called S that Spearman developed

Answer 8

S =specific abilities
-according to Spearman, how will we perform on a given mental task depends not only on a general smarts(g) but also on our particular skills in narrow domain(s)

Question 9

Define Gardner’s multiple intelligences

Answer 9

Idea that people vary in their ability levels across different domains of intellectual skills
-according to Gardner, there are numerous “frames of mind”, or different ways of thinking about the world with each frame of mind being different and a fully independent intelligence in its own right.
Ex. Taylor Swift is musician with musical intelligence while professional tennis player Serena Williams has impressive bodily kinesthetic intelligence

Question 10

What is Sternberg’s Triarchic model

Answer 10

Model of intelligence showing there’s more to intelligence then just g. three distinct types of intelligence: analytical(book smarts) practical(street smarts), and creative(creativity)

Question 11

What’s a current controversy with intelligence

Answer 11

Is it unitary or multifaceted?

Question 12

What do we use intelligence tests for

Answer 12

• diagnosis of children with special needs
• placement of children in enrichment programs
• screening of potential employees
• IQ testing and legal issues

Question 13

What is the Stanford-Binet IQ test?

Answer 13

Intelligence test based on the measure developed by Binet and Simon, adapted by Lewis Terman of Stanford University
-consists of a wide variety of tasks such as vocabulary tests, naming familiar objects, repeating sentences and following commands

Question 14

What is IQ? And what is the critical flaw in the formula

Answer 14

Intelligence quotient- invented by Wilhelm Stern

• formula: divide mental age by chronological age and multiply by 100
• mental age is the average persons performance on an intelligence test
• flaw: mental age scores increase progressively in childhood, but start to level out at around age 16 but our chronological age increases with time(result in everyone’s IQ getting lower as they get older)

Question 15

What is deviation IQ?

Answer 15

Statistic that makes up for the flaw in the IQ formula when computing the IQ for adults
-expresses each person’s IQ relative to the norms for his or her age group

Question 16

What is Eugenics?

Answer 16

• movement in the early 20th century to improve a populations genetic stock by encouraging those with good genes to reproduce and discouraging those with bad genes from reproducing.
• many immigrants with countries that generally had low IQ’s were restricted from entering North America
• law passed in Canada requiring the sterilization of low IQ individuals
• Galton what s the founder of this movement

Question 17

What is the WAIS?

Answer 17

Wechsler Adult intelligence Scale

• most widely assess intelligence in adults
• consisting of 15 subsets to assess different ferent types of mental abilities

Question 18

What is the WIPPSI and the WISC

Answer 18

WISC= wechsler intelligence scale for children
WIPPSI= wechsler Primary and Preschool Scale of intelligence
-both versions of the WAIS are adapted for older and younger children

Question 19

What is the culture-fair IQ test? Give example

Answer 19

-abstract reasoning measure that doesn’t depend on language and is often believed to be less influenced by cultural factors than other IQ tests
Ex. Ravens Progressive Matrices, nonverbal measure of intelligence

Question 20

What’s one major criticism of IQ tests

Answer 20

Their heavy reliance on language
-test takers who aren’t fluent in the native language may do poorly on IQ tests largely because the ph don’t comprehend the test instructions or the questions

Question 21

What is the test-retest reliability

Answer 21

Refers to the extent to which scores on a measure administered several times are roughly identical

Question 22

What is intellectual disability

Answer 22

condition characterized by an onset prior to adulthood, an IQ below about 70, and an inability to engage in adequate daily functioning

Question 23

What are amplitude, psychological, intelligence and achievement tests

Answer 23

Amplitude test- assess specific types of mental abilities(their potential); how good someone might be at a specific ability (mathematical ability) ex. SAT, GRE

Achievement test- mastery and knowledge; you’ve been exposed to information now you need to preform(midterm)

Psychological test- standardized measure of behaviour

Intelligence test- (Binet and Simon) measure overall thinking abilities; how do you deal with new information Ex. WAIS

Question 24

What are two types of studies that help to answer the debate of whether intelligence is determined by nature or nurture

Answer 24

Twin studies- identical twins raised apart appear to be about as similar on IQ tests as identical twins
Adoptive studies-indicate that the IQ’s of adopted children tend to be similar to the IQ’s of their biological parents, offering evidence to genetic influences

Question 25

What is the Flynn effect?

Answer 25

-finding by James Flynn that the average IQ scores have been rising at a rate of approximately 3 points per decade

Question 26

What could be some environmental influences that may explain the Flynn effect?

Answer 26

1. Increased test sophistication- more experienced at taking tests
2. Increased complexity of the modern world-with tv, cellphones, email, we are forced to process more info far more quickly than our parents did
3. Bette nutrition-good evidence that nutrition can affect IQ. There is less malnutrition now than before
4. Changes at home and school- spend more years in school than previous generations, more access to intellectual resources

Question 27

Describe the sex differences in IQ

Answer 27

Women tend to do better than men in verbal tasks(spelling, writing and pronunciation), arithmetic calculation(adding and subtracting numbers, and better at detecting and recognizing feelings in others
Men tend to be better on most tasks requiring spatial ability(geography), and also mathematics tasks that involve complicated reasoning(deriving proofs in geometry)

Question 28

Define within-group heritability and between-group heritability

Answer 28

Within group heritability- is the extent to which a trait, like IQ, is heritable within groups, such as Asian Canadians or woman

Between group heritability- extent to which the difference in this trait between groups, such as between Asian Canadians and Caucasians or between men and women, is heritable

Question 29

Define test bias

Answer 29

Test bias is the tendency of a test to predict outcomes better in one group than another

Question 30

Describe the racial differences in IQ

Answer 30

-broader societal differences in resources, opportunities, attitudes, and experiences are probably responsible for much, of it all, of the racial differences in IQ

Question 31

What is a stereotype threat?

Answer 31

Fear that we confirm a negative group stereotype

-environmental factor that may affect how individuals perform and achieve

Question 32

What is divergent and convergent thinking

Answer 32

Divergent thinking- capacity to generate many different solutions to a problem
-“outside the box” thinking

• convergent thinking- capacity to generate the single best solution to a problem
• psychologists often measure creativity using tests of divergent and convergent thinking

Question 33

What is emotional intelligence

Answer 33

Ability to understand our own emotions and those of others, and to apply this information to our daily lives
-control and adapt emotions to diverse situations

Question 34

Define ideological immune system

Answer 34

Our psychological defences against evidence that contradicts our views