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Psychology > Chapter 15-psychological Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 15-psychological Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What are the five criteria that psychiatrists proposed that mental disorder includes ?

A
  1. Statistical rarity: many are uncommon in the population
  2. Subjective distress: emotional pain for individuals
  3. Impairment: interfere with peoples ability function every day life
  4. Societal disproval: ex.homosexuality?
  5. Biological Disfunction: result from breakdowns or failures of physiological systems

(we cannot rely on any one of these criteria to define mental disorders because they don’t apply to all mental disorders)

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2
Q

Why are mental disorders difficult or impossible to define

A

It’s unlikely that any one criterion distinguishes mental disorders from normality

  • mental disorders share a loose set up features
  • criteria don’t apply to all mental diorders
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3
Q

What is the demonic model

A

View of mental illness in which odd behavior, hearing voices, or talking to oneself was attributed to evil spirits investing the body

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4
Q

What is the medical model

A

View of mental illness is due to a physical disorder requiring medical treatment
-treatments were sometimes barbaric
Eg. Bloodletting- excessive blood causes mental illness and drained patients of pounds blood

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5
Q

Define an asylum

A

After the medical model, European governments began to house these individuals requiring medical treatment in asylums: institution for people with mental illness created in the 15th century( massively overcrowded and understaffed)

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6
Q

Define moral treatment

A

Approach to mental illness calling for dignity, kindness, and respect for those with mental illness

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7
Q

What is deinstitutionalization

A

governmental policy in the 1960s and 1970s the focussed on releasing hospitalized psychiatric patients into the community and closing mental hospitals

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8
Q

What are labelling theorists

A

Scholars who argue that psychiatric diagnosis exert powerful negative effects on people’s perceptions and behaviours
-once a mental health professional diagnosis us, others perceive us differently and leads us to behave in weird strange or crazy ways

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9
Q

What is the official system for classifying individuals with mental disorders today

A

Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM). Now in fifth addition (DSM-5)
- diagnostic system containing the American psychiatric Association (APA) Criteria for mental disorders

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10
Q

What is prevalence

A

Refers to the percentage of people within a population who have a specific metal disorder
–The DSM-5 is a valuable source of information concerning the characteristics, such as the prevalence, of many mental disorders

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11
Q

What is Comorbidity

A

A problem with the DSM-V where there is a Co-occurrence of two or more diagnoses within the same person

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12
Q

What is the insanity defence

A

Legal defence proposing that people shouldn’t be held legally responsible for their actions if they weren’t of “sound mind” when committing them

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13
Q

What is involuntary commitment

A

Procedure of placing some people with mental illness in a psychiatric hospital or other facility based on the potential danger to themselves or others, or their inability to care for themselves

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14
Q

What is Somatic symptom disorder

A

Condition marked by physical symptoms that suggest an underlying medical illness, they’re actually psychological origin

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15
Q

What are categorical and dimensional models

A

categorical model: model in which a mental disorder differs from normal functioning and kind rather than degree(DSM-5 relives too much on this)
Eg. A mental disorder such as depression, is either present or absent, with no in between

Dimensional model: model in which a mental disorder differs from normal functioning degree other than kind
Eg. Height fits a dimensional model because although we differ in height, these differences aren’t all or none
-depression/anxiety

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16
Q

What is illness anxiety disorder

A

And individuals continual preoccupation with the notion that he or she has a serious physical disease
-no amount of reassurance can relieve their anxiety

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17
Q

What is generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

A

Continued feelings of worry, anxiety physical tension, and irritability across many areas of life functioning

  • 3% of people have this
  • spend average of 60% of each day worrying
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18
Q

What a panic attacks

A

Brief, intense episode of extreme fear characterized by sweating, dizziness, light-headedness, racing heartbeat, and feelings of impending death or going crazy

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19
Q

What is panic disorder

A

Repeated and unexpected panic attacks, along with either persistent concerns about future attacks or change in personal behaviour an attempt to avoid them

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20
Q

What is a phobia

A

Intense fear of an object or situation that’s greatly out of proportion to its actual threat

  • most common of all anxiety disorders
  • to be considered a phobia, it must restrict our lives, create considerable stress, or both
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21
Q

Agoraphobia?

A

Fear of being in a place or situation from which escape is difficult or embarrassing, or in which help is on unavailable in the event of a panic attack

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22
Q

Define specific phobia

A

Intense fear of objects, places, or situations that is greatly out of proportion to their actual threat

23
Q

What is social anxiety disorder

A

Intense fear of negative evaluation in social situations

-eg. speaking or performing in public

24
Q

What is PTSD

A

Posttraumatic stress disorder-marked emotional disturbances after experiencing or witnessing a severely stressful event such as rape, combat or a natural disaster

25
What is OCD
Obsessive-compulsive disorder:condition marked by repeated and lengthy(at least one hour a day) immersion in obsessions, compulsions, or both - disturbed by their thoughts often labelling themselves crazy or dangerous - can't find a way to make these "unacceptable" thoughts stop
26
What is obsession
Persistent idea, thought or impulse that is unwanted and inappropriate, causing marked distress
27
What are compulsions
Repetitive behaviours or mental act performed to reduce or prevent stress, or relive shame and guilt.
28
What is anxiety sensitivity
Fear of anxiety related sensations -eg. Standing up too quickly and feeling a bit dizzy-then misinterpreting the symptom as dangerous (may lead to panic attacks)
29
What is a major depressive episode
State in which a person experiences a lingering depressed mood or diminished interest in pleasurable activities, along with symptoms that include weight loss and sleep difficulties
30
What is major depressive disorder
Chronic or recurrent state in which a person experiences a lingering depressed mood or dismissed mood or diminished interest in pleasurable activities, along with symptoms that include weight loss and sleep difficulties -continual major depressive episode
31
What is the cognitive model of depression?
Theory that depression is caused by negative beliefs and expectations -cognitive triad=negative views of oneself, the world and the future
32
What is learned helplessness?
Tendency to feel helpless in the face of events we can't control
33
What is a manic episode
Experience marked by dramatically elevated elevated mood, decreased need for sleep, increased energy, inflated self-esteem, increased talkativeness, and irresponsible behaviour
34
What is bipolar disorder
Condition marked by a history of at least one manic episode
35
What 2 disorders are associated with higher risks of suicide
Major depression and bipolar disorder
36
What is a personality disorder
Condition in which personality traits, appearing first in adolescence, are inflexible, stable, expressed in a wide variety situations, and lead to distress or impairment - least reliably diagnosed out of all psychiatric conditions
37
What is borderline personality disorder
Condition marked by extreme instability in mood, identity, and impulse control - tend to be extremely impulsive and unpredictable - traced roots to childhood problems with developing a sense of self and bonding emotionally to others - traits are substantially heritable
38
What is psychopathic personality?
Condition marked by superficial charm, dishonesty, manipulativeness, self-centredness, and risk taking - not formally a psychological disorder and is not listed in DSM-5, however it overlaps with ASPD) - mostly male: guiltless, self centred, dishonest - causes remain mysterious
39
What is anti-social personality disorder(ASPD)
Condition marked by a lengthy history of irresponsible and/or illegal actions -not as much research on this compared to psychopathic personality
40
What is a dissociative disorder
Condition involving disruptions in consciousness, memory, identity, or perception -one of the most controversial of all diagnosis
41
What is depersonalization/derealization disorder ?
Condition marked by multiple episodes of depersonalization(feeling detached from yourself), derealization(sense that the external world is strange or unreal) , or both
42
What is dissociative amnesia
Inability to recall important personal information(most often related to a stressful experience) that can't be explained by ordinary forgetfulness
43
What is dissociative fugue
Sudden, unexpected travel away from home or the workplace, accompanied by amnesia for significant life events (flee their stressful circumstances) - a type of dissociative amnesia - in some cases they move to another city or country, assuming a new identity
44
What is dissociative identity disorder (DID)
Condition characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personality states that recurrently take control of the person's behaviour - some say it arises from a history of severe abuse, physical, sexual,or both, during childhood - some say people's expectancies and beliefs(shaped by certain psychotherapeutic procedures and cultural influences), rather than early traumas, account for the origin and maintenance of DID (considerable support)
45
What is schizophrenia ?
Severe disorder of thought and emotion associated with a loss of contact with reality - perhaps the most severe of all disorders and the most mysterious - many confuse it with DID - one personality that's shattered - to be diagnosed the DSM-5 states that the individual must exhibit at least one of the following three symptoms: delusions, hallucinations, and/or disorganized speech
46
What are delusions?
Strongly held, fixed beliefs that have no basis in reality | -eg. Man believed that a coworker had tapped his phone and conspired to get him fired
47
What is a psychotic symptom
Psychological problem reflecting serious distortions in reality -eg. delusions
48
What are hallucinations
Sensory perceptions that occur in the absence of an external stimulus - can be auditory, olfactory, tactile, or visual - most are auditory, usually consisting of voices
49
What are catatonic symptoms
Motor problem, including extreme resistance to complying with simple suggestions, holding the body in bizarre or rigid postures, or curling up in a fetal position
50
What are 3 intriguing biological clues to the causes of schizophrenia
Brain abnormalities, neurotransmitter differences, and genetic findings
51
What is the diathesis-stress model
Perspective proposing that mental disorders are a joint product of genetic vulnerability, called a diathesis, and stressors that trigger this vulnerability
52
List 3 childhood disorders
ADHD, autism spectrum disorders, early-onset bipolar disorder
53
What is autism spectrum disorder(ASD)
DSM-5 category that includes autistic disorder and Asperger's disorder(a less severe form of autism) - severe deficits in language, social bonding, and imagination - causes of autism remain mysterious although twin studies suggest genetic influences play a prominent role
54
What is ADHD
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder - childhood condition marked by excessive inattention, impulsivity and activity - two subtypes: one with hyperactivity and one with out

Psychology (10 decks)

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