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Psychology > Chapter 15-psychological Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 15-psychological Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the five criteria that psychiatrists proposed that mental disorder includes ?

A
  1. Statistical rarity: many are uncommon in the population
  2. Subjective distress: emotional pain for individuals
  3. Impairment: interfere with peoples ability function every day life
  4. Societal disproval: ex.homosexuality?
  5. Biological Disfunction: result from breakdowns or failures of physiological systems

(we cannot rely on any one of these criteria to define mental disorders because they don’t apply to all mental disorders)

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2
Q

Why are mental disorders difficult or impossible to define

A

It’s unlikely that any one criterion distinguishes mental disorders from normality

  • mental disorders share a loose set up features
  • criteria don’t apply to all mental diorders
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3
Q

What is the demonic model

A

View of mental illness in which odd behavior, hearing voices, or talking to oneself was attributed to evil spirits investing the body

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4
Q

What is the medical model

A

View of mental illness is due to a physical disorder requiring medical treatment
-treatments were sometimes barbaric
Eg. Bloodletting- excessive blood causes mental illness and drained patients of pounds blood

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5
Q

Define an asylum

A

After the medical model, European governments began to house these individuals requiring medical treatment in asylums: institution for people with mental illness created in the 15th century( massively overcrowded and understaffed)

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6
Q

Define moral treatment

A

Approach to mental illness calling for dignity, kindness, and respect for those with mental illness

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7
Q

What is deinstitutionalization

A

governmental policy in the 1960s and 1970s the focussed on releasing hospitalized psychiatric patients into the community and closing mental hospitals

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8
Q

What are labelling theorists

A

Scholars who argue that psychiatric diagnosis exert powerful negative effects on people’s perceptions and behaviours
-once a mental health professional diagnosis us, others perceive us differently and leads us to behave in weird strange or crazy ways

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9
Q

What is the official system for classifying individuals with mental disorders today

A

Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM). Now in fifth addition (DSM-5)
- diagnostic system containing the American psychiatric Association (APA) Criteria for mental disorders

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10
Q

What is prevalence

A

Refers to the percentage of people within a population who have a specific metal disorder
–The DSM-5 is a valuable source of information concerning the characteristics, such as the prevalence, of many mental disorders

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11
Q

What is Comorbidity

A

A problem with the DSM-V where there is a Co-occurrence of two or more diagnoses within the same person

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12
Q

What is the insanity defence

A

Legal defence proposing that people shouldn’t be held legally responsible for their actions if they weren’t of “sound mind” when committing them

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13
Q

What is involuntary commitment

A

Procedure of placing some people with mental illness in a psychiatric hospital or other facility based on the potential danger to themselves or others, or their inability to care for themselves

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14
Q

What is Somatic symptom disorder

A

Condition marked by physical symptoms that suggest an underlying medical illness, they’re actually psychological origin

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15
Q

What are categorical and dimensional models

A

categorical model: model in which a mental disorder differs from normal functioning and kind rather than degree(DSM-5 relives too much on this)
Eg. A mental disorder such as depression, is either present or absent, with no in between

Dimensional model: model in which a mental disorder differs from normal functioning degree other than kind
Eg. Height fits a dimensional model because although we differ in height, these differences aren’t all or none
-depression/anxiety

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16
Q

What is illness anxiety disorder

A

And individuals continual preoccupation with the notion that he or she has a serious physical disease
-no amount of reassurance can relieve their anxiety

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17
Q

What is generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

A

Continued feelings of worry, anxiety physical tension, and irritability across many areas of life functioning

  • 3% of people have this
  • spend average of 60% of each day worrying
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18
Q

What a panic attacks

A

Brief, intense episode of extreme fear characterized by sweating, dizziness, light-headedness, racing heartbeat, and feelings of impending death or going crazy

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19
Q

What is panic disorder

A

Repeated and unexpected panic attacks, along with either persistent concerns about future attacks or change in personal behaviour an attempt to avoid them

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20
Q

What is a phobia

A

Intense fear of an object or situation that’s greatly out of proportion to its actual threat

  • most common of all anxiety disorders
  • to be considered a phobia, it must restrict our lives, create considerable stress, or both
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21
Q

Agoraphobia?

A

Fear of being in a place or situation from which escape is difficult or embarrassing, or in which help is on unavailable in the event of a panic attack

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22
Q

Define specific phobia

A

Intense fear of objects, places, or situations that is greatly out of proportion to their actual threat

23
Q

What is social anxiety disorder

A

Intense fear of negative evaluation in social situations

-eg. speaking or performing in public

24
Q

What is PTSD

A

Posttraumatic stress disorder-marked emotional disturbances after experiencing or witnessing a severely stressful event such as rape, combat or a natural disaster

25
Q

What is OCD

A

Obsessive-compulsive disorder:condition marked by repeated and lengthy(at least one hour a day) immersion in obsessions, compulsions, or both

  • disturbed by their thoughts often labelling themselves crazy or dangerous
  • can’t find a way to make these “unacceptable” thoughts stop
26
Q

What is obsession

A

Persistent idea, thought or impulse that is unwanted and inappropriate, causing marked distress

27
Q

What are compulsions

A

Repetitive behaviours or mental act performed to reduce or prevent stress, or relive shame and guilt.

28
Q

What is anxiety sensitivity

A

Fear of anxiety related sensations
-eg. Standing up too quickly and feeling a bit dizzy-then misinterpreting the symptom as dangerous (may lead to panic attacks)

29
Q

What is a major depressive episode

A

State in which a person experiences a lingering depressed mood or diminished interest in pleasurable activities, along with symptoms that include weight loss and sleep difficulties

30
Q

What is major depressive disorder

A

Chronic or recurrent state in which a person experiences a lingering depressed mood or dismissed mood or diminished interest in pleasurable activities, along with symptoms that include weight loss and sleep difficulties
-continual major depressive episode

31
Q

What is the cognitive model of depression?

A

Theory that depression is caused by negative beliefs and expectations
-cognitive triad=negative views of oneself, the world and the future

32
Q

What is learned helplessness?

A

Tendency to feel helpless in the face of events we can’t control

33
Q

What is a manic episode

A

Experience marked by dramatically elevated elevated mood, decreased need for sleep, increased energy, inflated self-esteem, increased talkativeness, and irresponsible behaviour

34
Q

What is bipolar disorder

A

Condition marked by a history of at least one manic episode

35
Q

What 2 disorders are associated with higher risks of suicide

A

Major depression and bipolar disorder

36
Q

What is a personality disorder

A

Condition in which personality traits, appearing first in adolescence, are inflexible, stable, expressed in a wide variety situations, and lead to distress or impairment
- least reliably diagnosed out of all psychiatric conditions

37
Q

What is borderline personality disorder

A

Condition marked by extreme instability in mood, identity, and impulse control

  • tend to be extremely impulsive and unpredictable
  • traced roots to childhood problems with developing a sense of self and bonding emotionally to others
  • traits are substantially heritable
38
Q

What is psychopathic personality?

A

Condition marked by superficial charm, dishonesty, manipulativeness, self-centredness, and risk taking

  • not formally a psychological disorder and is not listed in DSM-5, however it overlaps with ASPD)
  • mostly male: guiltless, self centred, dishonest
  • causes remain mysterious
39
Q

What is anti-social personality disorder(ASPD)

A

Condition marked by a lengthy history of irresponsible and/or illegal actions
-not as much research on this compared to psychopathic personality

40
Q

What is a dissociative disorder

A

Condition involving disruptions in consciousness, memory, identity, or perception
-one of the most controversial of all diagnosis

41
Q

What is depersonalization/derealization disorder ?

A

Condition marked by multiple episodes of depersonalization(feeling detached from yourself), derealization(sense that the external world is strange or unreal) , or both

42
Q

What is dissociative amnesia

A

Inability to recall important personal information(most often related to a stressful experience) that can’t be explained by ordinary forgetfulness

43
Q

What is dissociative fugue

A

Sudden, unexpected travel away from home or the workplace, accompanied by amnesia for significant life events (flee their stressful circumstances)

  • a type of dissociative amnesia
  • in some cases they move to another city or country, assuming a new identity
44
Q

What is dissociative identity disorder (DID)

A

Condition characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personality states that recurrently take control of the person’s behaviour

  • some say it arises from a history of severe abuse, physical, sexual,or both, during childhood
  • some say people’s expectancies and beliefs(shaped by certain psychotherapeutic procedures and cultural influences), rather than early traumas, account for the origin and maintenance of DID (considerable support)
45
Q

What is schizophrenia ?

A

Severe disorder of thought and emotion associated with a loss of contact with reality

  • perhaps the most severe of all disorders and the most mysterious
  • many confuse it with DID
  • one personality that’s shattered
  • to be diagnosed the DSM-5 states that the individual must exhibit at least one of the following three symptoms: delusions, hallucinations, and/or disorganized speech
46
Q

What are delusions?

A

Strongly held, fixed beliefs that have no basis in reality

-eg. Man believed that a coworker had tapped his phone and conspired to get him fired

47
Q

What is a psychotic symptom

A

Psychological problem reflecting serious distortions in reality
-eg. delusions

48
Q

What are hallucinations

A

Sensory perceptions that occur in the absence of an external stimulus

  • can be auditory, olfactory, tactile, or visual
  • most are auditory, usually consisting of voices
49
Q

What are catatonic symptoms

A

Motor problem, including extreme resistance to complying with simple suggestions, holding the body in bizarre or rigid postures, or curling up in a fetal position

50
Q

What are 3 intriguing biological clues to the causes of schizophrenia

A

Brain abnormalities, neurotransmitter differences, and genetic findings

51
Q

What is the diathesis-stress model

A

Perspective proposing that mental disorders are a joint product of genetic vulnerability, called a diathesis, and stressors that trigger this vulnerability

52
Q

List 3 childhood disorders

A

ADHD, autism spectrum disorders, early-onset bipolar disorder

53
Q

What is autism spectrum disorder(ASD)

A

DSM-5 category that includes autistic disorder and Asperger’s disorder(a less severe form of autism)

  • severe deficits in language, social bonding, and imagination
  • causes of autism remain mysterious although twin studies suggest genetic influences play a prominent role
54
Q

What is ADHD

A

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

  • childhood condition marked by excessive inattention, impulsivity and activity
  • two subtypes: one with hyperactivity and one with out

Psychology (10 decks)

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