Chapters 9 and 10

Question 1

What processes are central to cellular respiration?

Answer 1

Catabolic pathways and electron transfer

Question 2

What is the equation for cellular respiration

Answer 2

C6H12O6 + 6H2O = 6CO2 + 6H20 + ATP

Question 3

Reducing agent

Answer 3

The electron donor

Question 4

Oxidizing agent

Answer 4

The electron receptor

Question 5

The process that generates most of the ATP is called oxidative phosphorylation because

Answer 5

It is powered by redox reactions

Question 6

What molecule links glycolysis to the citric acid cycle

Answer 6

acetyl CoA

Question 7

The citric acid cycle oxidizes organic fuel derived from pyruvate, generating

Answer 7

1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2 per turn

Question 8

The acetyl group of acetyl CoA joins the citric acid cycle by combining with _______________, forming _________

Answer 8

oxaloacetate, citrate

Question 9

Where does the electron transport chain take place?

Answer 9

The cristae of the mitochondrion

Question 10

How many ATP does the electron transport chain generate directly?

Answer 10

None

Question 11

Where does the H+ gradient move in the ETC?

Answer 11

From the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane place

Question 12

In what sequence does energy flow in cellular respiration?

Answer 12

Glucose –> NADH –> electron transport chain –> proton-motive force –> ATP

Question 13

What steps does fermentation include?

Answer 13

Glycolysis and reactions that regenerate NAD+

Question 14

What are the two steps of alcohol fermentation?

Answer 14

The first step releases CO2 and the second step produces ethanol

Question 15

What type of fermentation do human muscle cells use to generate ATP when O2 is scarce?

Answer 15

Lactic acid

Question 16

What is the term for metabolic pathways that release stored energy by breaking down complex molecules?

Answer 16

Catabolic pathways

Question 17

What statement regarding oxidation and reduction describes the result of this reaction?
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 –> 6 CO2 + 6 H20

Answer 17

C6H12O6 is oxidized and O2 is reduced

Question 18

What statement describes NAD+?

Answer 18

NAD+ is reduced to NADH during both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

Question 19

Where does glycolysis take place?

Answer 19

Cytosol

Question 20

Which process in eukaryotic cells will proceed normally whether oxygen is present or absent?

Answer 20

Glycolysis

Question 21

In addition to ATP, what are the products of glycolysis?

Answer 21

NADH and pyruvate

Question 22

Why is glycolysis described as having an investment phase and a payoff phase?

Answer 22

It uses stored ATP and then forms a net increase of ATP

Question 23

Cellular respiration harvests the most chemical energy from what step?

Answer 23

Chemiosmotic phosphorylation

Question 24

Where are the proteins of the electron transport chain located?

Answer 24

Mitochondrial inner membrane

Question 25

The primary role of oxygen in cellular respiration is to

Answer 25

act as an acceptor for electrons and hydrogen, forming water

Question 26

When hydrogen ions are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix across the winner membrane and into the inter membrane space, the result is the

Answer 26

creation of a proton gradient

Question 27

Glycolysis is thought to be one o the most ancient of metabolic processes. What supports this idea?

Answer 27

• Glycolysis is the most widespread metabolic pathway

- Ancient prokaryotic cells made extensive use of glycolysis long before oxygen was present in the atmosphere

Question 28

In liver cells, the inner mitochondrial membranes are about 5x the area of the outer mitochondrial membrane, and about 17x that of the cell’s plasma membrane. What purpose must this serve?

Answer 28

It increases the surface area for oxidative phosphorylation

Question 29

During aerobic respiration, electrons travel downhill in what sequence?

Answer 29

Food–> NADH–> electron transport chain–> oxygen

Question 30

What are the products of the light reactions of photosynthesis that are utilized in the Calvin cycle?

Answer 30

ATP and NADPH

Question 31

Where does the Calvin cycle take place

Answer 31

Stroma of the chloroplast

Question 32

When oxygen is released as a result of photosynthesis, it is a by-product of what?

Answer 32

Splitting the water molecules

Question 33

In the thylakoid membranes, what is the main role of the antenna pigment molecules?

Answer 33

Harvest photons and transfer light energy to the reaction-center chlorophyll

Question 34

In mechanism, photophosphorylation is most similar to

Answer 34

oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration

Question 35

Where are the molecules of the electron transport chain found in plant cells?

Answer 35

Thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts

Question 36

Reduction of oxygen which forms water occurs during

Answer 36

respiration

Question 37

What describes the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration?

Answer 37

Photosynthesis stores energy in complex molecules while respiration releases it

Question 38

P680+ is said to be the strongest biological agent. Why?

Answer 38

This molecule results from the transfer of an electron to the primary electron acceptor of photosystem II and strongly attracts another electron

Question 39

Carotenoids are often found in foods that are considered to have antioxidant properties in human nutrition. What related function do they have in plants?

Answer 39

They dissipate excessive light energy

Question 40

Which step of photosynthesis produces three-carbon sugars?

Answer 40

Only the Calvin cycle