Chapters 7 and 8

Question 1

Catabolic pathways

Answer 1

Release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds

Question 2

Anabolic pathways

Answer 2

Consume energy to build complex from simpler ones

Question 3

Are organisms open or closed systems?

Answer 3

Open

Question 4

What is the first law of thermodynamics

Answer 4

Energy can be transferred and transformed but it cannot be created or destroyed

Question 5

What is the second law of thermodynamics

Answer 5

Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe

Question 6

What kinds of work does a cell do

Answer 6

Chemical, transport, and mechanical

Question 7

Energy is __________ from ATP when the _________ __________ bond is broken

Answer 7

Released, terminal phosphate

Question 8

ATP is a ____________ resource

Answer 8

Renewable

Question 9

Where does the energy to phosphorylate ADP come from?

Answer 9

The catabolic reactions in the cell

Question 10

What is an organic cofactor called?

Answer 10

A coenzyme

Question 11

__________ are non protein enzyme helpers

Answer 11

Cofactors

Question 12

Feedback inhibition

Answer 12

The end product of a metabolic pathway shuts down the pathway

Question 13

Competitive inhibitors

Answer 13

Bind to the active site of an enzyme, competing with the substrates

Question 14

Non competitive inhibitors

Answer 14

Bind to another part of an enzyme, causing the enzyme to change shape an making the active site less effective

Question 15

Which type of molecules are the major structural components of the cell membrane?

Answer 15

Phospholipids and proteins

Question 16

The presence of cholesterol in the plasma membrane of some animals enables the membrane to stay _________ more ___________ when the temperature _____________

Answer 16

Fluid, easily, drops

Question 17

In order for a protein to be an integral protein it would have to be ____________

Answer 17

Amphipathic

Question 18

What is a reasonable explanation for why unsaturated fatty acids help keep any membrane more fluid at lower temperatures?

Answer 18

The double bonds form kinks in the fatty acid tails, forcing adjacent lipids to be further apart

Question 19

Which protein spans the phospholipid bilayer, usually a number of times?

Answer 19

Transmembrane proteins

Question 20

What kinds of molecules pass through a cell membrane most easily?

Answer 20

Small and hydrophobic

Question 21

Diffusion is…

Answer 21

A passive process in which molecules move from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration

Question 22

Celery stalks that are immersed in fresh water for several hours become stiff and hard. Similar stalks left in a salt solution become limp and soft. From this we can deduce that the cells of the celery stalks are

Answer 22

Hypotonic to fresh water but hypertonic to the sal solution

Question 23

What are the membrane structures that function in active transport?

Answer 23

Integral proteins

Question 24

The sodium-potassium pump is called an electrogenic pump because it

Answer 24

Is used to drive the transport of other molecules against a concentration gradient

Question 25

A chemical reaction that has a positive ΔG is correctly described as

Answer 25

Endergonic

Question 26

What is true of anabolic pathways

Answer 26

They consume energy to build up polymers from monomers

Question 27

How can one increase the rate of a chemical reaction?

Answer 27

Add a catalyst

Question 28

What term is used to describe the transfer of free energy from catabolic pathways to anabolic pathways?

Answer 28

Energy coupling

Question 29

The active site of an enzyme is the region that

Answer 29

Is involved in the catalytic reaction of the enzyme

Question 30

According to the induced fit hypothesis of enzyme catalysis

Answer 30

The binding of the substrate changes the shape of the enzyme’s active site