Chapters 9-10

Question 1

What is trauma?

Answer 1

Physical injury or wound produced by an external or internal force

Question 2

What is a load?

Answer 2

External force or forces acting in internal tissue

Question 3

What is meant by stiffness?

Answer 3

Ability of a tissue to resist a load

Question 4

What is stress?

Answer 4

Internal resistance to an external load

Question 5

What is strain?

Answer 5

Extent of deformation of tissue under loading

Question 6

What is deformation?

Answer 6

Change in shape of a tissue

Question 7

What is elasticity?

Answer 7

Property that allows a tissue to return to normal following deformation

Question 8

What is the yield point?

Answer 8

Elastic limit of tissue

Question 9

What is meant by plastic?

Answer 9

Deformation of tissues that exists after the load is removed

Question 10

What is creep?

Answer 10

Deformation of tissues that occurs with application of a constant load over time

Question 11

What is mechanical failure?

Answer 11

Exceeding the ability to withstand stress and strain, causing tissue to break down

Question 12

What’s the difference between ductile and brittle?

Answer 12

Ductile tissues can deform significantly before failing

Brittle deform very little before failing

Question 13

What are the 5 types of tissue stresses?

Answer 13

Compression
Tension
Shearing
Bending
Torsion

Question 14

What are the 2 types of muscle spasms?

Answer 14

Clonic- involuntary muscle contraction characterized by alternate contraction and relaxation in rapid succession

Tonic- type of muscle contraction characterized by constant contraction that lasts for a period of time

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Question 15

What is tendinosis and how would you treat it?

Answer 15

Breakdown of a tendon without inflammation

Focus on strengthening the tendon and and consistently stretching it

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Question 16

What differentiates a trigger point from a tender point?

Answer 16

Referred pain

Question 17

What are 3 causes of atrophy?

Answer 17

Immobilization
Inactivity
Loss of nerve innervation

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Question 18

What is diastasis?

Answer 18

Separation of articulating bones

Question 19

What are 5 basic functions of bones?

Answer 19

Body support
Organ protection
Movement
Calcium storage
Formation of blood cells

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Question 20

What is Wolff’s Law?

Answer 20

Every change in the form and function of a bone is followed by certain definite changes in its internal architecture

Question 21

What are the 5 types of epiphyseal growth plate injuries as defined by Salter-Harris?

Answer 21

1) complete separation of the physis in relation to the metaphysics w/o fracture
2) separation of growth plate and small portion of metaphysis

3) fracture of physis
4) fracture of portion of physis and metaphysis
5) no displacement of the physis but crushing force can cause growth deformity

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Question 22

What is hypoesthesia?

Answer 22

Finished sense of feeling

Question 23

What is hyperesthesia?

Answer 23

Increased sense of feeling such as pain of touch

Question 24

What is paresthesia?

Answer 24

Numbness, prickling, or tingling

Question 25

What is neuropraxia, what causes it, and how would you treat it?

Answer 25

Interruption in conduction of an impulse down the nerve fiber (temporary loss of function) Brought about by compression or relatively mild, blunt blows close to a nerve Resolved on its own

Question 26

What are signs of inflammation (injury response)

Answer 26

``` Redness (rubor) Swelling (tumor) Tenderness (dolor) Increased temperature (calor) Loss of function (functio laesa) ```

Question 27

T/F The initial inflammation response is critical to the entire healing process. If this response does not accomplish what is supposed to, or if it does not subside, normal healing cannot take place

Answer 27

True

Question 28

What are the three chemical mediators in the inflammatory process and what do they do?

Answer 28

Histamine-causes vasodialation and increases cell permeability Leukotrienes- cause margination(neutrophils and macrophages line up along cell wall), increase cell permeability locally, exudate formation Cytokines-primary regulators of leukocyte traffic and help attract phagocytes to site of inflammation

Question 29

What are factors that impede healing?

Answer 29

Extent of injury, edema, hemorrhage, poor vascular supply, separation of tissue, muscle spasm, atrophy, corticosteroids, keloids/hypertrophic scars, infection, humidity, climate, oxygen tension, health, age, nutrition Page 270

Question 30

What is a keloid?

Answer 30

Occur when the rate of collagen production exceeds collagen breakdown. Hypertrophy of scar tissue

Question 31

What is the rate of regeneration do nerve cells?

Answer 31

3-4mm per day

Question 32

T/F CNS nerves regenerate better than peripheral?

Answer 32

False. CNS rarely regenerate because of their lack of Schwann cells Page 274

Question 33

What are conditions that will interfere with fracture healing?

Answer 33

Poor blood supply, poor immobilization, infection, and soft tissues between severed ends of bone

Question 34

T/F: The Athletic trainer's goal is to control acute pain by encouraging the body to heal through exercise designed to progressively increase functional capacity and to return the patient to full activity as swiftly and safely as possible

Answer 34

True

Question 35

What are 4 types of paint sources?

Answer 35

Cutaneous- usually sharp, bright, and burning with fast or slow onset Deep somatic- stems from tendons, muscles, joints, periosteum, and blood vessels Visceral (organs)- diffused at first then localizes Psychogenic- created by emotion