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World Civilizations 101 > Chapters 8/9 > Flashcards

Chapters 8/9 Flashcards

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1
Q

In the world of the Germanic Kingdoms, which area in modern Europe was occupied by the Visigoths, Sueves, and Basques?

A

Spain

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2
Q

Who occupied the area now called Britain?

A

Angles and Saxons

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3
Q

What tribes occupied the area once held by Carthage in the post Roman Empire period?

A

Vandals

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4
Q

Who occupied the area now known as France?

A

Franks

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5
Q

Who occupied the area surrounding Rome in the post-Roman Empire period?

A

Ostrogoths

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6
Q

What were two paths to conversion to Christianity in Northwest Europe in the Early Middle Ages? (400-1000 CE)

A

Preaching and Teaching (conversion by reason) and Conversion by Sight with Strength and Violence

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7
Q

Who were some important figures in the Preaching and Teaching method of conversion to Christianity?

A

St. Augustine and St. Jerome (reasoned arguments addressing questions of faith) and St. Patrick (incorporated pagan rituals)

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8
Q

Who was converted by the Show Me method (demonstration of God’s power)?

A

Franks

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9
Q

Who’s life and works are considered the foundation of the Roman Catholic Church?

A

St. Augustine of Hippo (354-430)

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10
Q

What was a famous work by St. Augustine and what was its message?

A

City of God: written to explain the Fall of Rome to Barbarian Visigoths in 410
EVERYONE owes permanent allegiance to the “City of God” OVER The “City of Man”
ONLY God and THE CHURCH is eternally POWERFUL

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11
Q

How does AUGUSTINE attempt to answer the question of EVIL?

A

We are captives to our HUMAN WILL – The Source of Evil
Humanity is SINFUL; Full of Material desires
Redemption only through GOD’s GRACE  SACRAMENTS

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12
Q

Who believed in ABSOLUTE POVERTY AS LIVING MARTYRDOM?

A

St Jerome (342-420)

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13
Q

How did St. Jerome develop his spiritual discipline?

A

Born to Wealthy Family but…  GIVES UP ALL WEALTH

Years in “desert” developing his spiritual “discipline”
Obsessed w/ his “Impure thoughts”

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14
Q

What was the most important work by St. Jerome and why was it significant?

A

The Vulgate–translation of the Bible into Latin Was used to convert the Germanic tribes.

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15
Q

How did St. Jerome view reading the classics?

A

He believed educated people could read Pagan texts but must be careful to not be corrupted by them.

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16
Q

Who led the Frankish tribes in the post Roman era?

A

Clovis (496-511) Merovingian ruler

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17
Q

What significant event do we associate with Clovis? (Be prepared for a picture of it!)

A

Baptized–this was the Model of CONVERSION in Early Middle Ages among tribal groups. Set an example–tangible nature of conversion.

The Conversion was a mostly Political decision w/ huge social ramifications–his rule now supported by the CHURCH

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18
Q

Who influenced Clovis to convert to Christianity?

A

Wife Clothilda.

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19
Q

Which ruler reigned for 46 years and hoped to revive the Roman Empire?

A

Charlemagne–reigned from 768-814. (Carolus Magnus) (Shared power with his brother Carloman for awhile.)

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20
Q

There were two sides to Charlemagne’s rule–what was his “gentler side”?

A

The Social Reformer

a. -The Devout Catholic - Works tirelessly entire reign to reform Frankish religious practices
b. - The Revival of Education – One of his prime ambitions

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21
Q

Describe the harsher side of Charlemagne’s rule.

A

The Warrior King

- 54 brutal victorious campaigns to expand Frankish territory
- The Most infamous: The Bloody Verdict of Verdun
	- 782 CE:  Conquering of the Saxons tribe in North Germany
		- 4500 Tribal leaders killed in one day for pagan worship
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22
Q

When did the prophet Muhammad live?

A

570-632

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23
Q

What was the environment and culture like in the area Muhammad was born into?

A

Dry, arid climate, harsh, tribal organization, patriarchal society, loyalty to the group –kinship

24
Q

What are some key facts of Muhammad’s early life?

A

Born into the Quraysh tribe, orphaned, raised by uncle Abu Talib – a tribe leader (lucky to survive)/Clearly influenced by Judaism and Christianity; became known as “al-Amin” (faithful or trustworthy)
595 - Marriage to Khadijah (rich widow gives him financial security)
Constantly praying alone– unsatisfied

25
Q

Where did Muhammad pray and then have his Revelation?

A

Cave of Hira

26
Q

Who appeared to Muhammad and in what year?

A

610 he was visited by the Angel Gabriel (one of the archangels)

27
Q

What was revealed to Muhammad in the Cave of Hira?

A

The Angel Gabriel revealed a new way of worship. Everyone must submit to the will of Allah–His will is given to Muhammad.

28
Q

Did Muhammad experience just one Revelation?

A

No they continued throughout his life. 22 times

29
Q

Muslims believe the Qu’ran is…..

A

final, authoritative word of Allah given to Muhammad over 22 years from the Angel Gabriel

30
Q

What are two important qualities of the Qu’ran?

A
  1. All inclusive–governs all aspects of life 2. Non-negotiable
31
Q

What is the Sunna?

A

How to conduct your life based on the life of Muhammad.

32
Q

The Qu’ran contains the 5 Pillars of Islam–which are…..

A
  1. Shahada (Declaration of Faith) 2. Salat (Prayer 5x daily) 3. Zakat (Almsgiving) 4. Sawm (Fasting during Ramadan) 5. Hajj (Pilgrimage to Mecca)
33
Q

What is Dar al Islam?

A

The World of Islam which is upheld by the faithful and their adherence to the 5 Pillars of Islam.

34
Q

Give three parts to the Shahada–the Declaration of Faith.

A
  1. Allahu Akbar–God is most great.
  2. There is no god but God.
  3. Muhammad is the messenger of God.
35
Q

Describe the requirements of the Salat–Mandatory Prayers–How often, When, and How….

A

Must be performed 5 times a day: * dawn * noon * late afternoon * sunset * before going to bed
Must Wash hands and feet before praying.
Must Face Mecca & use a prayer rug.
Muslims formally pray in the mosque as a community on Fridays

36
Q

Why is the Zakat–almsgiving–important?

A

Muslims believe all things belong to God.

37
Q

The Sawm–fasting–when? why? how?

A

Fasting takes place during the month of Ramadan, which is usually September/October. It is considered a rite of self purification and is modeled on the life of Muhammad (Sunna). There can be no eating or drinking from sunrise to sunset during Ramadan.

38
Q

The Hajj–Pilgrimage to Mecca–Describe what Muslims are asked to do–Do they actually do this?

A

Must circle the Ka’ba 7 times to re-enact the capturing of Mecca by Muhammad’s Islamic army in 630

Must be done at least once in a devout Muslim’s lifetime

2-3 million Muslims make the pilgrimage every year

Those who complete the pilgrimage can add the title hajji to their name.

39
Q

What is the Ka’ba?

A

a small, cubical building in the courtyard of the Great Mosque at Mecca containing a sacred black stone: regarded by Muslims as the House of God and the objective of their pilgrimages.

40
Q

How did the spread of Islam progress in the early years after the Revelation–610-622?

A

Not too well. Muhammad not successful in his hometown of Mecca. He accused the tribal leaders of Idolatry. (Mecca was a destination for idol worshipers.) Only supporters were his wife and a few family members + “the unprotected”.

41
Q

What is the Hijrah and why is it so significant for Islam?

A

Muhammad is forced out of Mecca to flee to Medina in 622
This date (Sept. 622) begins the Muslim calendar
Muhammad found rapid success converting many in Medina
“The Constitution of Medina” –agreement between all the tribes and religious groups in Medina that they would cooperate

42
Q

What happens when Muhammad goes back to Mecca?

A

630–Muhammad quickly conquers Mecca–not peaceful–as well as the rest of Arabia

43
Q

Why was Muhammad able to convert and conquer the Arabian peninsula so quickly?

A

Muhammad was a charismatic leader and a very good warrior/general
The surrounding lands were govt. / milt. very weak
( Byzantine Empire had shrunk after disastrous leadership)
The faith of Islam provided UNITY and ORDER to tribes who were not united

44
Q

What is UMMA?

A

The community of Islam held together by ties of religion

45
Q

What happened in 632?

A

Muhammad died without an heir and there were no guidelines in the Qu’ran or the Sunna. Who should the new IMAM be? (leader)

46
Q

Who were the contenders to be the next Caliph? (successor to Muhammad)

A

Abu Bakr chosen in 632 (Muhammad’s father-in-law)

Ali took power in 656 but assassinated in 661 (cousin and son in law)

47
Q

What is the split between the Sunnis and the Shi’ites?

A

The Sunnis (from the word Sunna) believe that the religious leaders can choose the new caliph and they can interpret the Qu’ran. The Shi’ites believe the successor must be in a direct line from Muhammad. (Name means followers of Ali.)

48
Q

Today, are more Muslims Sunni or Shi’ites?

A

Sunnis

49
Q

Where are Shi’ites most numerous?

A

Iran, Iraq, Lebanon

50
Q

Where are the countries with the highest PERCENTAGE of Muslims?

A

Middle East, North Africa

51
Q

What countries have the highest Muslim POPULATIONS?

A

Indonesia, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh

52
Q

Which state in the US has the highest number of mosques?

A

California

53
Q

By what year had Islam spread as far as Spain, Northern Africa, and Western Asia?

A

850

54
Q

What prevented the Muslims from moving farther into Europe?

A

732 Islamic leader Abdul Rahman stopped at the city of Tours in France by The Frankish leader known as Charles “the Hammer” Martel (Charlemagne’s Grandfather

55
Q

How long did Spain remain a Muslim state?

A

Southern half of Spain exists as a Muslim state until the 900’s.

56
Q

Explain the Rise of the Muslim Turks.

A

In 1071, the Muslims conquer Anatolia. The Turks become the defenders of Islam against the Christian Crusades in the 1100’s.

World Civilizations 101 (13 decks)

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