Chapters 8 -11 Flashcards
Angioplasty
A procedure that involves passing a catheter into the artery and inflating a balloon on the catheter to push the plaque against the vessel wall, thus widening the lumen of the vessel.
Ankle-brachial index test
A comparison of the blood pressure in the lower leg to the blood pressure in the arms
Auscultation
Using a stethoscope to listen to a body cavity and organs.
Cardiac Catheterization
And invasive procedure used to sample the blood in the chambers of the heart to determine the amount of oxygen content and blood pressure chambers.
Cardiac palpitations
An unusually strong, rapid, or irregular heart rate that is so abnormal the individual can feel it.
Cyanosis
A bluish condition of the skin due to lack of oxygen in the blood.
Diastolic
Relating to cardiac diastole; the process of the heart resting as the chambers refill with blood.
Doppler
A device that may be placed over arteries to magnify the sound of bloodflow.
Electrocardiogram
The graphic drawing produced by and electrocardiograph, a machine that receives electrical information and draws heart action.
Embolus
Material floating in the blood that may stick to a vessel and occlude or stop bloodflow, leading to ischemia or death of the organs supplied by the vessel.
Endarterectomy
A surgical procedure involving opening an artery and cleaning out the plaque.
Exsanguination
Loss of circulating blood volume.
Fibrillation
A heart rhythm that is wild and uncoordinated; acardiac arrhythmia.
Hemothorax
Blood in the chest cavity
Intermittent claudication
The condition of developing muscle cramps that are relieved with rest and increased with activity.
Ischemia
Hypoxia of cells or tissues caused by decreased blood flow.
Lumen
The inner open space or with a tubular structure or anatomical part.
Murmur
An abnormal sound in the heart or vascular system.
Patency
Openness
Perfusion
To pour through or supply with blood.
Plaque
A patch; dental plaque is a sticky mass of microorganisms growing on teeth.
Systolic
Relating to cardiac systole; the process of cardiac contraction (heartbeat) when blood is ejected into the systemic circulation.
Tachycardia
A rapid heart rate; usually a rate over 100 beats per minute.
Thrombus
A blood clot attached to a vein or artery.
What are the three layers of the heart?
Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
Noninvasive diagnostic test for the heart
Auscultation, Doppler, electrocardiogram, echocardiography ultrasound arteriography.
Invasive heart test
Cardiac catheterization
What are the common x-rays used to check the heart and vessels?
Angiocardiography, angiography, venogram
What blood tests are used to check the heart enzymes?
Creatine phosphokinase(CPK), Lactate dehydrogenase(LDH)
Tell the description, etiology,symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of:
Hypertension
Description: indicator of development of cerebrovascular, cardiovascular, and kidney disease. A chronic disease. It’s the leading cause of stroke and heart failure.
Etiology: The risk factors: Heredity, diet, age, obesity, smoking, stress and type A personality.
Symptoms: symptoms usually do not occur until significant heart vessel damage has already occurred.
Diagnosis: blood pressure greater than 140/90. The evaluation of hypertension consists primary: taking a medical family history, testing blood for cholesterol should be under 200. LDL should be under hundred, HDL should be over 45, triglycerides should be under 200, anti-hypertensive medications, lifestyle changes, low-salt diet, stress reducing exercise, stop smoking, and diuretics.
Tell the description, etiology,symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of:
Arteriolosclerosis and atherosclerosis
Description: loss of elasticity and thickness of artery wall, also known as hardening of arteries, black which is deposits a fatty… Material and wall of artery major areas that are affecting are coronary arteries, Cerebral Arteries, aorta, Peripheral arteries .
Etiology: Risk factors-Non-controllable- Heredity, age, sex, diabetes. Controllable factors- Diet, sedentary lifestyle, stress, cigarette smoking, hypertension.
Symptoms: symptoms appear late in the disease process and vary depending on the area affected.
Diagnosis: blood pressure, I arteriograms, x-rays, and document
Analgesic
A medication that relieves pain.
Antipyretics
A class of medications given to reduce an elevated temperature.
Apnea
The condition of not breathing; a term used to describe the absence of respirations for a period of time.
Arterial blood gases
The laboratory test that measures the amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood.
Bronchiectasis
A chronic or long-term dilation of a bronchialis are bronchi along with an infection.
Bronchoscope
A diagnostic or surgical procedure in which a scope passes through the mouth into the bronchus.
Clubbing
A condition affecting the distal portion of the finger; characterized by soft tissue enlargement and an abnormal curvature of the nail.
Cyanosis
A bluish condition of the skin due to lack of oxygen in the blood.
Dyspnea
Difficulty breathing.
Hemoptysis
Coughing up blood.
Hypoxemia
Not enough oxygen in the circulating blood.
Hypoxia
Not enough oxygen to tissues.
Orthopnea
The condition in which an individual has difficulty breathing in a lying position, or is able to breathe with less difficulty when standing or sitting straight up.
Productive cough
Coughing up sputum or excessive mucus.
Rales
An abnormal discontinuous breath sound caused by narrow bronchi and heard primarily on inspiration during us auscultation of the chest.
Rhinorrhea
A runny nose.
Rhonchi
Abnormal wheezing breath sounds caused by partial airway blockage and heard during inspiration, expiration, or both during auscultation of the chest.
Sputum
Fluid or secretions coughed up from the lungs.
Tachypnea
A severely increased respiratory rate.
Thoracentesis
A procedure in which a puncture is made into the chest cavity to withdraw air or fluid; a chest tube also may be inserted to help the lung reexpand.
Wheezing
A whistling, musical, or raspy sound during breathing, usually indicative of partially blocked respiratory passages.
Lymph
A clear liquid similar to plasma containing many white cells.
Lymphadenopathy
Any disease of the lymph plans.
Lymphangiography
A radiographic procedure consisting of injecting a contrast dye and taking x-rays of lymphatic vessels.
Lymphocytes
White blood cells formed in lymphatic tissue.
Lymphocytopenia
A decrease in lymphocytes.
Lymphocytosis
Increase in number of lymphocytes.
Achlorhydria
Absence of hydrochloric acid.
Adhesions
Parts of tissue that cling to the surface of the adjoining organs as normal fibrous scar tissue develops and in operative site, resulting in a fibrous band.
Asymptomatic
Not displaying symptoms.
Colorectal
Pertaining to both the colon and rectum.
Defecate
To have a bowel movement.
Dental plaque
Tough, sticky material that it adheres to the tooth enamel; caused by bacteria.
Enterotoxin
Intestinal poison.
Exacerbation
A time when symptoms flare up or become worse.
Feces
Evacuated bowel contents; commonly called bowel movement or BM.
Gingivitis
Inflammation of the gums.
Hematemesis
Vomiting blood.
Hematochezia
Bright red blood in the feces.
ileum
Absence of peristalsis.
Intrinsic factor
A substance secreted by the stomach lining necessary for absorption of vitamin B12.
Intussusception
The telescoping of one part of the intestine over the adjoining section.
Malaise
General ill feeling.
Melena
Dark tarry stool due to blood in feces.
Motility
The quality of being mortal or destined to die.
Occult blood
Hidden blood; invisible except under microscopic examination.
Ova and parasite (O&P)
An examination of a stool specimen for the presence of adult parasites or their eggs (ova).
Paralytic obstruction
A decrease or absence of peristalsis that causes intestinal blockage.
Perforation
And abnormal opening in an organ or tissue.
Peristalsis
The contraction of muscles along the gastrointestinal tract to move food and fluid.
Peritonitis
An inflammation of the peritoneum.
Polyp
An inward projection of the mucosal lining of the colon.
Remission
A time when symptoms are diminished or temporarily resolved.
Salmonella
A group of gram-negative bacteria often responsible for intestinal infections.
Septicemia
A systemic disease caused by the spread of microorganisms in the blood; also called blood poisoning.
Stool
Fecal matter; feces; bowel movement (BM).
Strep throat
An acute form of pharyngitis caused by Streptococcus.
Vermiform
Worm-like .
Virulent
Difficult to kill; able to produce disease.
Volvulus
The bowel twisted on itself.
