Human Diseases > Chapter 7 > Flashcards
Chapter 7 Flashcards
Anemia
Any decrease in oxygen carrying ability of the red blood cell.
Bence Jones protein
A special protein found in the blood and urine, indicative of multiple myeloma.
Bleeding time
A test to determine the length of bleeding time or time it takes the blood to clot.
Complete blood count
A laboratory test that identifies the number of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets per cubic millimeter.
Differential
A detailed white blood cell count identifying the number of each type of leukocyte.
Dyspnea
Difficulty breathing.
Ecchymoses
Large areas of bruising or hemorrhage.
Epistaxis
Hemorrhage or bleeding from the nose; nosebleed.
Erythrocytopenia
A deficiency of red blood cells.
Erythrocytosis
A condition of increased red blood cells.
Hemarthrosis
Bleeding into joints.
Hematemesis
Vomiting blood.
Hematocrit
A measurement of the amount of red cell mass as a proportion of whole blood.
He atria
Blood and urine.
Hemoglobin
A measurement of the amount of hemoglobin, or oxygen-carrying potential, available in the blood.
Hemolyzed
Broken down cells.
Leukemia
A progressive overgrowth of abnormal leukocytes; a malignant disease of the bone marrow.
Leukocytopenia
A decrease in white cell count.
Lymphopenia
A decrease in lymphocytes.
Neutropenia
A decrease in neutrophils.
Pallor
Lack of color; paleness.
Pancytopenia
Severe decrease or total absence of a erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes.
Petechia e
Small hemorrhages in the skin.
Purpura
A bleeding disorder characterized by bleeding into the skin and mucous membranes initially turning the affected areas purplish in color.
Reed-Sternberg cell
A large connective tissue cell found in lymphatic tissue and indicative of Hodgkin’s disease.
Syncope
Painting.
Tachycardia
A rapid heart rate; usually a rate over 100 beats per minutes.
Tachypnea
A severely increased respiratory rate.
Thrombocytopenia
A decrease in platelets, leading to a coagulation problem.
Thrombocytosis
An increase in platelets.
Tell the description, etiology,symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of:
Anemia
Description: any decrease in oxygen-carrying ability of the RBC is anemia. There are more than 400 types of anemia, but three most common types are related to deficiency of iron, Folic acid, and vitamin B12.
Etiology: anemia is commonly due to a low number of RBCs or decrease in hemoglobin and RBCs. Acute hemorrhage or chronic bleeding can lead to a low number of circulating RBCs and, thus, anemia. Any disease and liver, spleen, or bone marrow can also lead to anemia. For instance, if the cells are broken down too soon, this could lead to a decrease in cell number; cells are not formed quickly enough to replace the worn cells, the number of circulating cells will be low. Yeah cells are formed abnormally, durability carry oxygen can be impaired because although the number of cells might be adequate, there oxygen-carrying ability is not. Dietary deficiencies often leads to an inadequate supply of nutrients to make RBCs.
Symptoms: Despite the cause, the symptoms of anemia are fairly common. Individuals suffering from anemia commonly is pale or has a condition of pallor. Facial paleness can be difficult to determine, but further examination of the mucous membranes of the mouth and conjunctiva of the eyes will reveal definite paleness. The nailbeds also might be noticeably pale in color. Anemic individuals are weak and suffer from fatigue due to poor oxygenation of muscle tissue. Dyspnea,tachycardia and tackypnea are common as the heart and lungs attempt to meet the body’s oxygen need. Headache, your ability, and syncope can also be symptoms.
Diagnosis anemia can be very simple or related to complicated or chronic disease. For simple cases, a history and physical examination along with blood tests measure the level of hemoglobin, and hematocrit, iron, folic acid, and vitamin B12 assist in the diagnosis. Microscopic examination of the size and shape of the red cells also provide for the clues the type of anemia. More complicated anemias, or those caused by chronic disease, might need further testing, including urine analysis, stool sampling, endoscopy, colonoscopy, and bone and marrow biopsy.
Treatment: determining the cause of anemia is very important because treatment is directed at the cause. Therefore, treatment for anemia varies, depending on cause or type of anemia. Some anemias can be cured, whereas others, such as sickle cell anemia,are not curable.
Prevention: eating a healthy diet including foods high in iron B complex vitamins will prevent deficiency anemia e. More complicated types might not be preventable or treatable.
Tell the description, etiology,symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of:
Iron deficiency anemia
Description: iron deficiency anemia arises when there is insufficient iron for the body to produce the oxygen carrying component, hemoglobin, within RBCs.
Etiology: iron deficiency anemia can be due to a loss of iron, such as from chronic blood loss, or to and inadequate intake of iron such as from low dietary intake of iron. Chronic blood loss can be due to bleeding hemorrhoids, gastrointestinal bleeding, and heavy or prolonged menstrual flow. Iron deficiency anemia is commonly seen in females during times of increased iron demand as occurring during pregnancy and breast-feeding. During menstrual years, females often have iron loss due to a combination of menstruation and inadequate dietary intake of iron.
Symptoms: Pallor, weakness, fatigue, dyspnea.
Diagnosis: history and physical examination along with blood test indicating low levels of hemoglobin, iron, or both assistant diagnosis of iron deficiency. For cases caused by bleeding, further test include looking for the presence of blood in urine and stool samples. Gastroscopy and colonoscopy also can have determined origin of the bleeding.
Treatment: treatment is aimed at the cause and can include resolving the bleeding problem or increasing dietary intake of iron. Foods high in iron include fruits, green vegetables, lean meat, and whole-grain breads.
Prevention: deficiency anemia can be prevented by eating a healthy diet high in iron. Anemia related to blood loss can be prevented by seeking medical help at first sign of excessive bleeding.
Tell the description, etiology,symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of:
Folic acid deficiency anemia
Description: folic acid is a B complex vitamin necessary for the maturation of RBCs. A deficiency in folic acid leads to this type of anemia.
Etiology: deficiency of folic acid can be related poor diet, overcooking vegetables, or alcoholism. Deficiency can also occur during times of high folic acid need such as those associated with infancy and pregnancy. Symptoms: symptoms can include fatigue, weight loss, abdominal pain, black or bloody stools, and chest pain.
Diagnosis: Blood testing aids in the diagnosis. CBC will show anemia and abnormally large RBCs. The blood folate level will also be low. Bone marrow biopsy is seldom needed but also will show abnormally large red cell size.
Treatment: treatment is aimed at increasing dietary intake of foods high in folic acid such as green leafy vegetables, mushrooms, lima beans, and kidney beans.
Prevention: consumption of a diet high in folic acid aids in prevention.
Tell the description, etiology,of: Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia
Description: Vitamin B12 anemia results from dietary deficiency B12 or inability of the digestive tract to absorb it. Vitamin B12 is essential for the body to produce RBCs as well as to maintain a healthy nervous system.
Etiology: inability to absorb B12 can be due to several factors including (1) removal of the small intestine, where B12 is absorbed, (2) having a disease that affects the small intestine, such as Crohn’s disease, that interferes with absorption,(3) Consumption of a diet deficiency in B12, or (4) loss or lack of intrinsic factor. This last cause of deficiency is the most common is also called for pericious anemia.
Tell the description, etiology,symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of:
Pernicious anemia
Description: pernicious anemia usually affects older individuals and has unusual cause. The Mucosa, or lining, of the stomach only secreted protein called intrinsic factor. This factors necessary for vitamin B12 absorption in the small intestine. Those affected have had an autoimmune disorder that blocks production or destroys the cells that produce this intrinsic factor.
Symptoms: common symptoms include pallor, fatigue, weakness, confusion, depression, and numbness in the hands and feet.
Diagnosis: vitamin B12 deficiencies are diagnosed by thorough history and physical, CBC, and blood testing for vitamin B 12. A history of small intestine surgery of chronic disease of the small intestine can be recognized easily and diagnosed. Dietary deficiency and perniosis anemia can be more difficult to diagnose and might need further testing, including a gastroscopy to view the cells that produce transit factor.
Treatment: treatment depends on the car of the deficiency. Absorption and dietary deficiency can be treated with oral vitamin tablets, injectable vitamin B12, or consumption of a diet high in bodying B12. Meet, fish, poultry, and milk are all sources of the 12th. Pernicious anemia cannot be treated with a change in diet because without intrinsic factor, no amount of B12 can be absorbed. Treatment is a monthly injection of vitamin B12 for the life of the individual.
Prevention: anemias related to poor diet can be prevented by eating a diet high in vitamin B 12. Pernicious anemia, at this time, is not preventable.
Tell the description, etiology,symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of:
Hemolytic anemia
Description: Hemolytic anemia is characterized by increased destruction of RBCs.
Etiology: this type of anemia can be related to an antigen-antibody reaction as with our Rh factor in blood transfusion reaction or erythroblastosis details. Hemolytic Anemia also can occur due to a disorder of the immune system leading to destruction of one’s own erythrocytes. This type of anemia can be severe and lead to death of the individual. Hemolytic anemia can be brought on by exposure to chemicals such as benzene; medications, including aspirin and penicillin; bacterial toxins.
Symptoms: symptoms include pallor, weakness, fatigue, and tachycardia, the last of which can lead to heart failure.
Diagnosis: a s* thorough history and physical along with blood testing will aid in diagnosis. CBC will reveal anemia. A blood smear will reveal an increased number of immature and fragmented red cells.
Treatment: treatment can include prompt exchange transfusion. Steroid medication along with splenectomy can also help. Prevention: hemolytic anemia due to genetic inheritance is not preventable. Required hemolytic anemias such as transfusion reactions can be prevented with proper screening.
Tell the description, etiology,symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of:
Sickle cell anemia
Description: sickle cell anemia is hereditary anemia, found in the African-American race, the causes an abnormal sickle shape of the erythrocyte. Interestingly, sickle cell disease is thought to have developed as a defense mechanism against malaria. The parasite that causes malaria does not grow in cells that Sickle, giving these individuals health advantage in countries where malaria is prevalent.
Etiology: sickle cell has abnormal hemoglobin that causes it to you Longgate farcical when deoxygenated. There Silvergate just domal shape after it is deoxygenated. The sickle shape causes a problem because it does not allow the cell to travel safely through small blood vessels. Sickle cells tend to stick and clump together in
small vessels, leading to occlusion of the castle, ischemia, and infarction. This seclusion can occur in any vessel, causing multiple thrombi and emboli formations that can lead to infarctions throughout the body, including the vital organs.
Symptoms: symptoms of the disease can vary from mild to severe. Pain in the back, legs, and abdomen are the most common symptoms. Other symptoms include fatigue, irritability, swollen joints, leg sores, and gum disease. I St. Mark of sickle cell anemia is a group of symptoms called sickle cell crisis, marked by excessive pain into a more locations. The pain is often compared in severity to cancer pain.
Diagnosis: diagnosis made after history and blood testing. Two blood test determines sickle cell disease. The first is hemoglobin electrophoresis,which measures the amount of Abnormal hemoglobin in the blood. The second is the Sickledex test, which measures the percentage of red sickle cells after mixing a small drop of blood with a deoxygenated agent. A positive test is one in which 25% or more cells sick.
Treatment: there’s no cure for sickle cell disease, and treatment is symptomatic. An increase in fluid intake to twice the normal amount can help by increasing blood volume and improving sickle cell movement.
Prevention: because sickle cell anemia is a hereditary disorder, doing prevention is through genetic counseling and decision by potential carriers to avoid childbearing.
Tell the description, etiology,symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of:
Hemorrhagic anemia
Description: this anemia is caused by the loss of whole blood and could also be called blood loss anemia.
Etiology call Q-DOS of large amounts of blood, which can be caused by Such activities as surgery and any trauma or accident involving blood loss.
Symptoms: symptoms include pallor, cool clammy skin, tackypnea and tachycardia. If large amounts of blood have been lost, other symptoms can arise including dizziness, fainting, and extreme thirst as result of dehydration.
Diagnosis: Hemorrhagic anemia is easily diagnosed when the blood loss is external. Internal bleeding also leads to hemorrhagic anemia but is often more difficult to diagnosis. A history and physical are necessary, and a CBC showing low cell mass, hemiglobin, and hematocrit is indictate ticket tip of hemorrhagic anemia.
Treatment: in acute blood loss controlling or stopping the bleeding is a primary concern. Applying oxygen immediately to increase the oxygen-carrying capacity of the remaining blood supply is also important. Intravenous fluids and liquids taken by mouth help restore fluid volume. In severe cases of blood loss, a transmission might be needed. And chronicler slow blood loss anemia, find the cause of stopping the bleeding is again the primary focus. If the blood loss is not severe, let’s build new place within a few hours. Kris number circulating erythrocytes or stimulate the bone marrow to step up production. Bone marrow can replace large numbers of blood cells . Consuming a healthy diet especially high in protein and iron will help restore the bodies reserves and return it to a healthy state.
Prevention: accident prevention and controlling chronic bleeding or helpful in preventing hemorrhagic anemia.
Tell the description, etiology,symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of:
Aplastic anemia
Description: plastic anemias characterized by failure of the bone to produce blood components. Hey Sivyer decrease your total absence of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes, called pancytopenia.
Etiology: this anemias due to injury or destruction of the blood forming area of the bone marrow. Causes include chemotherapy, radiation, viruses, and chemical toxins.
Symptoms: this decreasing blood cells leads to anemia, infection, and hemorrhage, respectively.
Diagnosis: plastic name is diagnosed by using a history and physical examination and blood testing. 80s AC/DC will show a low hemoglobin and him a credit, indicative of anemia blood can also be tested for Arnetta folic acid levels to route these types of anemia
