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AP World History > Chapters 6 and 7 > Flashcards

Chapters 6 and 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

bedouin

A

nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam

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2
Q

side note

A

Before the rise of Islam, Arabia was a peripheral desert wasteland whose once great trading cities had fallen on hard times. The sparse population of the Arabian peninsula was divided into rival tribes and clans that worshiped local gods.

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3
Q

shaykhs

A

leaders of tribes and clans within bedouin society; usually men with large herds, several wives, and many children

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4
Q

Mecca

A

City located in mountainous region along Red Sea in Arabian peninsula; founded by Umayyad clan of Quraysh; site of Ka’ba; original home of Muhammad; location of chief religious pilgrimage point in Islam

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5
Q

Umayyad

A

clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca; clan established dynasty as rulers of Islam, 661 to 750

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6
Q

Quraysh

A

tribe of bedouins that controlled Mecca in 7th century C.E.

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7
Q

Ka’ba

A

Most revered religious shrine in pre-Islamic Arabia; located in Mecca; focus of obligatory annual truce among bedouin tribes; later incorporated as important shrine in Islam

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8
Q

Medina

A

also known as Yathrib; town located northeast of Mecca; grew date palms whose fruit was sold to bedouins; became refuge for Muhammad following flight from Mecca (hijra)

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9
Q

side note

A

In the 7th century the revelations of the prophet Muhammad provided the basis for the emergence of a new religion- Islam- in the Arabian peninsula. Though initially an Arab region, in both beliefs and practices, Islam contained a powerful appeal that eventually made it one of the great world religions.

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10
Q

Muhammad

A

Prophet of Islam; born c. 570 to Banu Hashim clan of Quraysh tribe in Mecca; raised by father’s family; received revelations from Allah in 610 C.E. and thereafter; died in 632

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11
Q

Khadijah

A

(595-619) First wife of the prophet Muhammad, who had worked for her as a trader

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12
Q

Qur’an

A

recitations of revelations received by Muhammad; holy book of Islam

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13
Q

Ali

A

(c. 599-661) Cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of orthodox caliphs; focus for Shi’a

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14
Q

umma

A

community of the faithful within Islam; transcended old tribal boundaries to create degree of political unity

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15
Q

zakat

A

tax for charity; obligatory for all Muslims

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16
Q

five pillars

A

the obligatory religious duties of all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj

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17
Q

Ramadan

A

Islamic month of religious observance requiring fasting from dawn to sunset

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18
Q

hajj

A

A Muslim’s pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca, to worship Allah at the Ka’ba

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19
Q

side note

A

Despite a time of crisis after the death of the prophet Muhammad in 632 C.E., the Muslim community held together. Eventually, Muhammad’s old adversaries, the Umayyad clan, seized leadership of the Muslim faithful and began a sequence of stunning conquests throughout the Middle East and north Africa.

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20
Q

caliph

A

the political and religious successor to Muhammad

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21
Q

Bakr, Abu

A

(c. 573-634) one of Muhammad’s earliest converts; succeeded Muhammad as first caliph of Islamic community

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22
Q

Ridda Wars

A

Wars that followed Muhammad’s death in 632; resulted in defeat of rival prophets and some of larger clans; restored unity of Islam

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23
Q

jihad

A

struggle; often used for wars in defense of the faith

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24
Q

Copts

A

Christina sect of Egypt; tended to support Islamic invasions of this area in preference to Byzantine rule

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25
Q

Nestorians

A

A Christian sect found in Asia; tended to support Islamic invasions of this area in preference to Byzantine rule; cut off form Europe by Muslim invasions

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26
Q

Uthman

A

Third caliph and member of Umayyad clan; murdered by mutinous warriors returning from Egypt; death set off civil war in Islam between followers of Ali and the Umayyad clan

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27
Q

Battle of Siffin

A

fought in 657 between forces of Ali and Umayyads; settled by negotiation that eld to fragmentation of Ali’s party

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28
Q

Mu’‘awiya

A

(602-680) leader of Umayyad clan; first Umayyad caliph following civil war with Ali

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29
Q

Sunnis

A

Political and theological division within Islam; supported the Umayyads

30
Q

Shi’a

A

Also known as Shi’ites; political and theological division within Islam; followers of Ali

31
Q

Karbala

A

site of defeat and death of Husayn, son of Ali; marked beginning of Shi’a resistance to Umayyad caliphate

32
Q

Damascus

A

Syrian city that was capital of Umayyad caliphate

33
Q

mawali

A

non-Arab converts to Islam

34
Q

jizya

A

head tax paid by all non-believers in Islamic territories

35
Q

dhimmi

A

literally “people of the book”; applied as inclusive term to Jews and Christians in Islamic territories; later extended to Zoroastrians and even Hindus

36
Q

hadiths

A

traditions of the prophet

37
Q

Abbasid

A

dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads as caliphs within Islam; came to power in 750 C.E.

38
Q

Battle of the River Zab

A

Victory of Abbasids over Umayyads; resulted in conquest of Syria and capture of Umayyad capital

39
Q

side note

A

Under the Abbasids, who succeeded the Umayyads, Islam became a universal religion that spread across of much of north Africa and Euro-Asia. With their capital at Baghdad, Islamic civilization flourished under the Abbasids, even as their empire began to fragment into regional power centers.

40
Q

Baghdad

A

Capital of Abbasid dynasty located in Iraq near ancient Persian capital of Ctesiphon

41
Q

wazir

A

chief administrative official under the Abbasid caliphate; initially recruited from Persian provinces of empire

42
Q

dhows

A

arab sailing vessels with triangular or lateen sails; strongly influenced European ship design

43
Q

ayan

A

the wealthy landed elite that emerged in the early decades of Abbasid rule

44
Q

lateen

A

triangular sails attached to the masts of dhows by long booms, or yard arms, which extended diagonally high across the fore and aft of the ship

45
Q

al- Mahdi

A

(r. 775-785) third of the Abbasid caliphs; attempted but failed to reconcile moderates among Shi’a to Abbasid dynasty; failed to resolve problem of succession

46
Q

side note

A

The vast Abbasid empire gradually disintegrated between the 9th and 13th centuries C.E. Political decline and recurring social turmoil were fed both by the emergence of rival centers of power and the inroads of nomadic peoples attracted to the rich and fertile regions where Muslim urban life and power were centered.

47
Q

Harun al- Rashid

A

one of the great Islamic rulers of the Abbasid era

48
Q

Buyids

A

regional splinter dynasty of the mid-10th century; invaded and captured Baghdad; ruled Abbasid empire under title of sultan; retained Abbasids as figureheads

49
Q

Seljuk Turks

A

Nomadic invaders from central Asia via Persia; staunch Sunnis; ruled in name of Abbasid caliphs from mid-11th century

50
Q

Crusades

A

Series of military adventures initially launched by western Christians to free Holy Land from Muslims; temporarily succeeded in capturing Jerusalem and establishing Christian kingdoms; later used fro other purposes such as commercial wars and extermination of heresy

51
Q

Saladin

A

Muslim leader in the last decades of the 12th century; reconquered most of the crusader outposts for Islam

52
Q

Ibn Khaldun

A

(1332-1406) A Muslim historian; developed concept that dynasties of nomadic conquerors had a cycle of three generations- strong, weak, dissolute

53
Q

side note

A

Paradoxically, even as the political power of the Abbasids declined, Islamic civilization reached new heights of achievement and entered into a phase of renewed expansion

54
Q

Shah- Nama

A

Written by Firdawsi in late 10th and early 11th centuries; relates history of Persia from creation to the Islam conquests

55
Q

ulama

A

Orthodox religious scholars within Islam; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; increasingly opposed to non-Islamic ideas and scientific thinking

56
Q

al-Ghazali

A

(1058-1111) Brilliant Islamic theologian; struggled to fuse Greek and Qur’anic traditions; not entirely accepted by ulama

57
Q

side note

A

From the 7th century onward, Muslim invaders, traders, and migrants carried the Islamic faith and Islamic civilization to the vast south Asian subcontinent. Muslim conquests and conversions provoked a variety of Hindu responses and attempts by some followers of both religions to reconcile their difference.

58
Q

Mongols

A

Central Asian nomadic people; smashed Turko-Perisn kingdoms; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed last Abbasid caliph

59
Q

Chinggis Khan

A

born in 1170s in decades following death of Kabul Khan; elected khagan of all Mongol tribes in 1206; responsible for conquest of northern kingdoms of China, territories as far west as the Abbasid regions; died in 1227, prior to conquest of most of Islam world

60
Q

Hulegu

A

(1217-1265) ruler of the Ilkhan khanate; grandson of Chinggis Khan; responsible for the capture and destruction of Baghdad in 1257

61
Q

Mamluks

A

Muslim salve warriors; established a dynasty in Egypt; defeated the Mongols at Ain Jalut in 1260 and halted Mongol advance

62
Q

Muhammad ibn Qasim

A

(661-750) Arab general; conquered Sind in India; declared the regions and the Indus valley to be part of Umayyad Empire

63
Q

Mahmud of Ghanzi

A

(971-1030) Third ruler of Turkish slave dynasty in Afghanistan; led invasions of northern India; credited with sacking one of wealthiest of Hindu temples in northern India; gave Muslims reputation for intolerance and aggression

64
Q

Muhammad of Ghur

A

(1173-1206) Military commander of Persian extraction who ruled small mountain kingdom in Afghanistan; began process of conquest to establish Muslim political control of northern India; brought much of Indus valley, Sind, and northwestern Indian under his control

65
Q

Qutb-ud-din Aibak

A

Lieutenant of Muhammad of Ghur; established kingdom in india with capital at Delphi; proclaimed himself Sultan of India (r. 1206-1210)

66
Q

bhaktic cults

A

Hindu groups dedicated to gods and goddesses; stressed the importance of strong emotional bonds between devotees and the god or goddess who was the object of their veneration; most widely worshipped gods were Shiva and Vishnu

67
Q

Mira Bai

A

(1498-1547) Celebrated Hindu writer of religious poetry; reflected openness of bhaktic cults to women

68
Q

Kabir

A

(1440-1518) Muslim mystic; played down the importance of ritual differences between Hinduism and Islam

69
Q

side note

A

From the 13th century, traders and Sufi mystics spread Islam to island southeast Asia. As was the case in India, conversion was generally peaceful, and Islamic teachings and rituals were mixed with the animist, Hindu, and Buddhist religions long established in Malaya, Java, and other areas.

70
Q

Shrivijaya

A

trading empire centered on Malacca Straits between Malaya and Sumatra; controlled trade of empire; Buddhist government resistant to Muslim missionaries; fall opened up southeastern Asia to Muslim conversion

71
Q

Malacca

A

Portuguese factory or fortified trade town located on the tip of the Malayan peninsula; traditionally a center for trade among the southeastern Asian islands

72
Q

Demak

A

Most powerful of the trading states on north coast of Java; converted to Islam and served as point of dissemination to other ports

AP World History (10 decks)

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