Chapter 4

Question 1

Cyrus the Great

Answer 1

established massive Persian Empire by 550 B.C.E.; successor state to Mesopotamian empires

Question 2

Zoroastrianism

Answer 2

Animist religion that saw material existence as battle between forces of good and evil; stressed the importance of moral choice; righteous lived on after death in “House of Song”; chief religion of Persian Empire

Question 3

Olympic Games

Answer 3

One of the pan-Hellenic rituals observed by all Greek city-states; involved athletic competitions and ritual celebrations

Question 4

Pericles

Answer 4

Athenian political leader during 5th century B.C.E.; guided development of Athenian empire; died during early stages of Peloponnesian War

Question 5

Peloponnesian Wars

Answer 5

Wars from 431 to 404 B.C.E. between Athens and Sparta for dominance in southern Greece; resulted in Spartan victory but failure to achieve political unification of Greece

Question 6

Philip II

Answer 6

Ruled Macedon from 359 to 336 B.C.E.; founder of centralized kingdom; later conquered rest of Greece, which was subjected to Macedonian authority

Question 7

Hellenistic period

Answer 7

That culture associated with the spread of Greek influence as a result of Macedonian conquests; often seen as the combination of Greek culture with eastern political forms

Question 8

Alexandria, Egypt

Answer 8

One of the cities founded by and named for Alexander the Great; site of ancient Mediterranean’s greatest library; center of literary studies

Question 9

Roman republic

Answer 9

The balanced constitution of Rome from c. 510 to 47 B.C.E.; featured an aristocratic Senate, a panel of magistrates, and several popular assemblies

Question 10

Punic Wars

Answer 10

Fought between Rome and Carthage to establish dominance in the western Mediterranean; won by Rome after three separate conflicts

Question 11

Carthage

Answer 11

Originally a Phoenician colony in northern Africa; became a major port and commercial power in the Western Mediterranean; fought the Punic Wars with Rome for dominance of the western Mediterranean

Question 12

Hannibal

Answer 12

Great Carthaginian general during Second Punic War; successfully invaded Italy but failed to conquer Rome; finally defeated at Battle of Zama

Question 13

Caesar, Julius

Answer 13

Roman general responsible for conquest of Gaul; brought army back to Rome and overthrew republic; assassinated in 44 B.C.E. by conservative senators

Question 14

Augustus Caesar

Answer 14

(63 B.C.E. - 14 C.E) Name given to Octavian following his defeat of Mark Anthony and Cleopatra; first emperor of Rome

Question 15

Diocletian

Answer 15

Roman emperor form 284 to 305 C.E.; restored later empire by improved administration and tax collection

Question 16

Constantine

Answer 16

Roman emperor from 312 to 337 C.E.; established second capital at Constantinople; attempted to use religious force of Christianity to unify empire spiritually

Question 17

polis

Answer 17

city-state form of government; typical of Greek political organization from 800 to 400 B.C.E (pl. poleis)

Question 18

direct democracy

Answer 18

where people participate directly in assemblies that make laws and select leaders, rather than electing representatives

Question 19

Senate

Answer 19

Assembly of Roman aristocrats; advised on policy within the republic; one of the early elements of the Roman constitution

Question 20

consuls

Answer 20

Two chiefs executives or magistrates of the Roman republic; elected by an annual assembly dominated by aristocracy

Question 21

Cicero

Answer 21

(106-43 B.C.E.) Conservative Roman senator; Stoic philosopher; one of the great orators of his day; killed in reaction to assassination of Julius Caesar

Question 22

Aristotle

Answer 22

(384-322 B.C.E) Greek philosopher; teacher of Alexander the Great; knowledge based on observation of phenomena in material world

Question 23

Stoics

Answer 23

Hellenistic group of philosophers; emphasized inner moral independence cultivated by strict discipline of the body and personal bravery