Chapter 1 Flashcards

0
Q

What are Homo sapiens?

A

The humanoid species that emerged as most successful at the end of the Paleolithic period

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1
Q

What is the Paleolithic Age?

A

The Old Stone Age ending in 12,000 B.C.E.; typified by use of crude stone tools and hunting and gathering for subsistence

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2
Q

What is the Neolithic Age?

A

The New Stone Age between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; period in which adaptation of sedentary agriculture occurred; domestication of plants and animals accomplished

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3
Q

What is the Neolithic revolution?

A

The succession of technological innovations an changes in human organization that led to the development of agriculture, 8500-3500 B.C.E.

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4
Q

What is hunting and gathering?

A

The original human economy, ultimately eclipsed by agriculture; groups hunt for meat and forage for grains, nuts, and berries

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5
Q

What is the Bronze Age?

A

From about 4000 B.C.E., when bronze tools were first introduced in the Middle East, to about 1500 B.C.E., when iron began to replace it

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6
Q

What is slash and burn agriculture?

A

A system of cultivation typical of shifting cultivators; forest floors cleared by fire are then planted

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7
Q

What is a band?

A

A level of social organization normally consisting of 20 to 30 people; nomadic hunters and gatherers; labor divided in a gender basis

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8
Q

What is Çatal Hüyük?

A

Early urban culture based in sedentary agriculture; located in modern southern Turkey; was larger in population than Jericho, had greater degree of social stratification

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9
Q

What is civilization?

A

Societies distinguished by reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses, and existence of nonfarming elites, as well as merchant and manufacturing groups

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10
Q

What is cuneiform?

A

A form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets

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11
Q

What are nomads?

A

Cattle- and sheep-herding societies normally found on the fringes of civilized societies; commonly referred to as “barbarian” by civilized societies

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12
Q

What is Mesopotamia?

A

Literally “between the rivers”; the civilizations that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris and Euphrates river valleys

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13
Q

Who were the Sunerians?

A

People who migrated into Mesopotamia c. 4000 B.C.E.; created first civilization within region; organized area into city-states

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14
Q

What are ziggurats?

A

Massive towers usually associated with Mesopotamian temple complexes

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15
Q

What is a city-state?

A

A form of political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilizations; consisted of agriculture hinterlands ruled by an urban-based king

16
Q

What is the Babylonian Empire?

A

Unified all of Mesopotamia c. 1800 B.C.E.; collapsed due to foreign invasion c. 1600 B.C.E.

17
Q

What is the Hammurabi?

A

The most important ruler o the Babylonian empire; responsible for codification of law

18
Q

What is pharaoh?

A

Title of kings of ancient Egypt

19
Q

What are pyramids?

A

Monumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs

20
Q

What is Kush?

A

An African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nike c. 1000 B.C.E.; conquered Egypt and Ike’s it for several centuries

21
Q

What is the Indus River Valley?

A

River sources in Himalayas to mouth in Arabian Sea; location of Harappan civilization