Chapter 13

Question 1

side note

Answer 1

Chinese influence on Japan peaked in the 7th and 8th centuries as Japanese rulers sought to build a Chinese- style bureaucracy and society. Over time the isolated court centers at Nara and later Heian lost political control to powerful aristocratic families and local warlords.

Question 2

Taika reforms

Answer 2

attempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolute Chines- style emperor; included attempts to create professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army

Question 3

“Tale of Genji, The”

Answer 3

written by Lady Murasaki; first novel in any language; relates life history of prominent and amorous son of the Japanese emperor; evidence for mannered style of Japanese society

Question 4

Fujiwara

Answer 4

Japanese aristocratic family in mid-9th century; exercised exceptional influence over imperial affairs; aided in decline of imperial power

Question 5

bushi

Answer 5

regional warrior leaders in Japan; ruled small kingdoms from fortresses; administered the law, supervised public works proects, and collected revenues; built up private armies

Question 6

side note

Answer 6

From the 12th century onward, Japanese history was increasingly dominated by civil wars between shifting factions of the court aristocracy and local warlords, which ended only with the rise of the Tokugawa warlord family in the early 1600s. Chinese influence declined steadily in this era, but despite strife and social dislocation, the arts and literature flourished in Japan.

Question 7

samurai

Answer 7

mounted troops of Japanese warrior leaders (bush); loyal to local lords, not the emperor

Question 8

sepukku

Answer 8

ritual suicide or disembowelment in Japan; commonly known in West as hara-kiri; demonstrated courage and a means to restore family honor

Question 9

Taira

Answer 9

powerful Japanese family in 11th and 12th centuries; coppered with Minamoto family; defeated after Gempei Wars

Question 10

Minamoto

Answer 10

defeated the rival Taira family in Gempei Wars and established military government (bakufu) in 12th-century Japan

Question 11

Gempei Wars

Answer 11

waged for five years from 1180, on Honshu between Taira and Minamoto families; resulted in destruction of Taira

Question 12

bakufu

Answer 12

military government established by the Minamoto following the Gempei Wars; centered at Kamakura; retained emperor, but real power resided in military government and samurai

Question 13

shoguns

Answer 13

military leaders of the bakufu (military governments in Japan)

Question 14

Hojo

Answer 14

Warrior family closely allied with Minamoto; dominated Kamakura regime and manipulated Minamoto rulers who claimed to rule in name of Japanese emperor at Kyoto

Question 15

Ashikaga Takuaji

Answer 15

member of the Minamoto family; overthrew the Kamakura regime and established the Ashikaga Shogunate from 1336-1573; drove emperor from Kyoto to Yoshino

Question 16

Ashikaga Shogunate

Answer 16

replaced the Kamakura regime in Japan; ruled from 1336-1573; destroyed rival Yoshino center of imperial authority

Question 17

daimyos

Answer 17

warlord rulers of 300 small states following civil war and disruption of Ashikaga Shogunate; holdings consolidated into unified and bounded mini-states

Question 18

Choson

Answer 18

Earliest Korean kingdom; conquered by Han emperor in 109 B.C.E.

Question 19

side note

Answer 19

Of all the areas to which the Chinese formula for civilized development spread, Korea was the most profoundly influenced for the longest period of time. Despite repeated Chinese interventions, the Korean people developed a separate identity that was expressed in distinctive forms of dress, cuisine, and a unique social class system.

Question 20

Koguryo

Answer 20

Tribal people of northern Korea; established an independent kingdom in the northern half of the peninsula in 37 B.C.E.; adopted cultural Sinification.

Question 21

Silla

Answer 21

Independent Korean kingdom in southeastern part of peninsula; defeated Koguryo along with their Chinese Tang allies; submitted as a vassal of the Tang emperor and agreed to tribute payment; ruled united Korea by 668

Question 22

Paekche

Answer 22

independent Korean kingdom in southeastern part of peninsula; defeated by rival Silla kingdom and its Chinese Tang allies in 7th century

Question 23

Sinification

Answer 23

extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions; typical of Korea and Japan, less typical of Vietnam

Question 24

Yi

Answer 24

Korean dynasty that succeeded Koryuu dynasty following period of Mongol invasions; established in 1392; ruled Korea to 1910; restored aristocratic dominance and Chinese influence

Question 25

Khmers

Answer 25

Indianized rivals of the Vietnamese; moved into Mekong River delta region at time of Vietnamese drive to the south

Question 26

side note

Answer 26

At the end of the 2nd century B.C.E., the Han dynasty conquered the kingdom of the Nam Viet, thus beginning an effort to absorb the Vietnamese people into Chinese civilization that would span a thousand years. Though they benefited greatly from borrowing from China, the Vietnamese had a distinct identity that provided the basis for a series of rebellions and eventually produced an in depended kingdom with expansionist designs against neighboring southeast Asian peoples.

Question 27

Trung sisters

Answer 27

leaders of one of the frequent peasant rebellions in Vietnam against Chinese rule; revolt broke out in 39 C.E.; demonstrates importance of Vietnamese women in indigenous society

Question 28

Chams

Answer 28

Indianized rivals of the Vietnamese; driven into the highlands by the successful Vietnamese drive to the south

Question 29

Nguyen

Answer 29

Rival Vietnamese dynasty that arose in southern Vietnam to challenge traditional dynasty of Trinh in north at Hanoi; kingdom centered on Red and Mekong rivers; capital at Hue

Question 30

Trinh

Answer 30

dynasty that ruled in north Vietnam at Hanoi; 1533 to 1772; rivals of Nguyen family in south