Chapter 16

Question 1

side note

Answer 1

European merchant fleets seized control of key international trading routes. Initial Spanish and Portuguese leadership was challenged by growing efforts from Britain, France, and Holland.

Question 2

Cape of Good Hope

Answer 2

Southern tip of Africa; first circumnavigated in 1488 by Portuguese in search of direct route to India

Question 3

Columbus, Christopher

Answer 3

Genoese captain in service of king and queen of Castile and Aragon; successfully sailed to New World and returned in 1492; initiated European discoveries in Americas

Question 4

Magellan, Ferdinand

Answer 4

(1480-1521) Spanish captain who in 1519 initiated first circumnavigation of the globe; died during the voyage; allowed Spain to claim Philippines

Question 5

Dutch East India Company

Answer 5

Joint stock company that obtained government monopoly over trade in Asia; acted as virtually independent government in regions it claimed

Question 6

British East Indian Company

Answer 6

Joint stock company that obtained government monopoly trade in India; acted as virtually independent government in regions it claimed

Question 7

side note

Answer 7

Europe’s new maritime strength and new trade patterns generated wider changes, developing from the 1490s onward. One was the Columbian exchanged of foods, diseases, and people. New global economic inequalities and new overseas empires also emerged.

Question 8

Lepanto

Answer 8

Naval battle between the Spanish and the Ottoman Empire resulting in a Spanish victory in 1571

Question 9

core nations

Answer 9

nations, usually European, that enjoyed profit from world economy; controlled international banking and commercial services such as shipping; exported manufactured goods for raw materials

Question 10

mercantilism

Answer 10

economic theory that stressed governments’ promotion of limitation of imports from other nations and internal economies in order to improve tax revenues; popular during 17th and 18th centuries in Europe

Question 11

Balboa Vasco de

Answer 11

(c. 1475-1519) first Spanish captain to begin settlement on the mainland of Mesoamerica in 1509; initial settlement eventually led to conquest of Aztec and Inca empires by other captains

Question 12

Pizarro, Francisco

Answer 12

Led conquest of Inca Empire of Peru beginning in 1535; by 1540, most of Inca possessions fell to the Spanish

Question 13

side note

Answer 13

Europe developed a network of overseas colonies, particularly in the Americas but also in a few parts of Africa and Asia. By the 18th century, growing European inroads in India marked a decisive change in south Asia.

Question 14

New France

Answer 14

French colonies in North America; extended from St. Lawrence River along Great Lakes and down Mississippi River valley system

Question 15

Seven Years War

Answer 15

fought both in continental Europe and also in overseas colonies between 1756 and 1763; resulted in Prussian seizures of land from Austria, English seizures of colonies in India and North America

Question 16

Treaty of Paris

Answer 16

Arranged in 1763 following Seven Years War; granted New France to England in exchanged for return of French sugar island in Caribbean

Question 17

Cape Colony

Answer 17

Dutch colony established at Cape of Good Hope in 1652 initially to provide a coastal station fro the Dutch seaborne empire; by 1770 settlements had expanded sufficiently to come into conflict with Bantus

Question 18

Boers

Answer 18

Dutch settlers in Cape Colony, in southern Africa

Question 19

Calcutta

Answer 19

headquarters of British East India Company in Bengal in Indian subcontinent; located on Gages; captured in 1756 during early part of Seven Years War; later became administrative center for all of Bengal