Chapters 5 & 6: Exam 1

Question 1

Lidocaine:
_________- first amide local anesthetic drug
_________ standard
Long record of reliability, rapid ______, rare reports of ___________
___% solution
______________ epinephrine
Pregnancy category ____

Answer 1

1943
Gold
onset
hypersensitivity
2%
With and without
B

Question 2

Articaine:
Made in _______, fda approved in 2000
Rapid ______________
Higher incidence of ____________
Metabolize primarily by plasma ____________
____% solution
Only with ____________
Pregnancy category _____

Answer 2

1969
biotransformation
paresthesia
cholinesterase
4%
epinephrine
C

Question 3

Mepivacaine:
Introduced in ________
Weak ___________
Typically used ________ vasoconstrictor
_______ term anesthesia
___% solution plain
2% solution with _________
Pregnancy category ___

Answer 3

1957
vasodilator
without
short
3%
levonordefrin
C

Question 4

Prilocaine:
Approved for use in _______
Can reduce the blood’s oxygen carrying capacity- __________
___% solution
_____________ epinephrine
Pregnancy category ___

Answer 4

1965
methemoglobinemia
4%
with and without
B

Question 5

Bupivacaine:
Approved for use in _______
________ duration- used for postoperative pain
________ protein receptor binding
Slow _____________
___% solution
With ____________
Pregnancy category ____

Answer 5

1972
long
strong
biotransformation
0.5%
epinephrine
C

Question 6

Procaine:
Introduced in early _______
An _________
Alternative to __________
High rate of ________ reaction
No longer available in dental carts
___% and ___% solution
_____________ epinephrine
Pregnancy category ___

Answer 6

1900s
ester
cocaine
allergic
2% and 4%
with and without
B

Question 7

local anesthetics relax the smooth muscle tone in _________ and induce _____________

Answer 7

arterioles
vasodilation

Question 8

increases perfusion of tissues and leads to increased absorption of local anesthetic

Answer 8

vasodilation

Question 9

the addition of a _____________ to a LA solution reverses the vasodilation

Answer 9

vasoconstrictor

Question 10

adrenergic drugs that are combined with a local anesthetic in order to increase their efficacy and safety

Answer 10

vasoconstrictor

Question 11

hormones made by the adrenal glands, epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine

Answer 11

catecholamines

Question 12

a hormone that acts as a neurotransmitter. A vasoconstrictor. Produced primarily by the adrenal glands. Regulated visceral functions

Answer 12

epinephrine

Question 13

a hormone and neurotransmitter. Released predominantly from the ends of sympathetic nerve fibers and that acts to increase the force of skeletal muscle contraction

Answer 13

norepinephrine

Question 14

a synthetic catecholamine

Answer 14

levonordefrin

Question 15

relating to or denoting nerve cells in which epinephrine and norepinephrine act as a neurotransmitter

Answer 15

adrenergic

Question 16

specific molecular structures with which catecholamines (ex. epinephrine) react in order to elicit a response

Answer 16

adrenergic receptors

Question 17

responsible for smooth muscle contraction in the peripheral arterioles and veins (peripheral vasoconstriction)

Answer 17

alpha receptors

Question 18

responsible for cardiac stimulation

Answer 18

beta 1 receptors

Question 19

responsible for smooth muscle relaxation that results in bronchodilation and vasodilation

Answer 19

beta 2 receptors

Question 20

alpha and beta receptors contribute to potential ___________ _____________

Answer 20

cardiac dysrhythmias

Question 21

acts on both alpha and beta adrenergic receptors, aka adrenalin

Answer 21

epinephrine

Question 22

epinephrine activates the alpha receptor causing:

Answer 22

vasoconstriction

Question 23

epinephrine activates the beta receptor causing:
increased _________
increases ________ blood pressure
increased ________ output
cardiac __________
________ dilation

Answer 23

heart rate
systolic
cardiac
arrhythmias
bronchial

Question 24

the maximum dose in dentistry for a healthy patient of epinephrine is _____ mg per appointment

Answer 24

0.2

Question 25

Levonordefrin: Synthetic _____ of the potency of epinephrine, used in concentrated solutions Only available with 2% __________ No systemic advantage over 1:100,000 epinephrine unless pt is sensitive to epinephrine Less impact on ______ receptors than epinephrine Weak ___________

Answer 25

1/6 mepivacaine beta vasoconstrictor

Question 26

__________ has the least vasodilation and __________ has the most vasodilation

Answer 26

prilocaine bupivacaine

Question 27

toxicity results from __________ stimulation of adrenergic receptors

Answer 27

excessive

Question 28

contraindications for vasoconstrictors include: uncontrolled _____________ _________ allergy cocaine or methamphetamine use within ___ hours avoid levonordefrin and norepinephrine in those taking _____________ ASA ____ to caution dose ASA ____ do not use vasoconstrictors _____________ disease uncontrolled ___________ pregnant women in the _______________ those taking ______________ should be limited to cardiac dose

Answer 28

hyperthyroidism sulfite 24 tricyclic antidepressants ASA III ASA IV cardiovascular diabetes first trimester phenothiazides