Chapters 5 & 6: Exam 1 Flashcards
Lidocaine:
_________- first amide local anesthetic drug
_________ standard
Long record of reliability, rapid ______, rare reports of ___________
___% solution
______________ epinephrine
Pregnancy category ____
1943
Gold
onset
hypersensitivity
2%
With and without
B
Articaine:
Made in _______, fda approved in 2000
Rapid ______________
Higher incidence of ____________
Metabolize primarily by plasma ____________
____% solution
Only with ____________
Pregnancy category _____
1969
biotransformation
paresthesia
cholinesterase
4%
epinephrine
C
Mepivacaine:
Introduced in ________
Weak ___________
Typically used ________ vasoconstrictor
_______ term anesthesia
___% solution plain
2% solution with _________
Pregnancy category ___
1957
vasodilator
without
short
3%
levonordefrin
C
Prilocaine:
Approved for use in _______
Can reduce the blood’s oxygen carrying capacity- __________
___% solution
_____________ epinephrine
Pregnancy category ___
1965
methemoglobinemia
4%
with and without
B
Bupivacaine:
Approved for use in _______
________ duration- used for postoperative pain
________ protein receptor binding
Slow _____________
___% solution
With ____________
Pregnancy category ____
1972
long
strong
biotransformation
0.5%
epinephrine
C
Procaine:
Introduced in early _______
An _________
Alternative to __________
High rate of ________ reaction
No longer available in dental carts
___% and ___% solution
_____________ epinephrine
Pregnancy category ___
1900s
ester
cocaine
allergic
2% and 4%
with and without
B
local anesthetics relax the smooth muscle tone in _________ and induce _____________
arterioles
vasodilation
increases perfusion of tissues and leads to increased absorption of local anesthetic
vasodilation
the addition of a _____________ to a LA solution reverses the vasodilation
vasoconstrictor
adrenergic drugs that are combined with a local anesthetic in order to increase their efficacy and safety
vasoconstrictor
hormones made by the adrenal glands, epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine
catecholamines
a hormone that acts as a neurotransmitter. A vasoconstrictor. Produced primarily by the adrenal glands. Regulated visceral functions
epinephrine
a hormone and neurotransmitter. Released predominantly from the ends of sympathetic nerve fibers and that acts to increase the force of skeletal muscle contraction
norepinephrine
a synthetic catecholamine
levonordefrin
relating to or denoting nerve cells in which epinephrine and norepinephrine act as a neurotransmitter
adrenergic
specific molecular structures with which catecholamines (ex. epinephrine) react in order to elicit a response
adrenergic receptors
responsible for smooth muscle contraction in the peripheral arterioles and veins (peripheral vasoconstriction)
alpha receptors
responsible for cardiac stimulation
beta 1 receptors
responsible for smooth muscle relaxation that results in bronchodilation and vasodilation
beta 2 receptors
alpha and beta receptors contribute to potential ___________ _____________
cardiac dysrhythmias
acts on both alpha and beta adrenergic receptors, aka adrenalin
epinephrine
epinephrine activates the alpha receptor causing:
vasoconstriction
epinephrine activates the beta receptor causing:
increased _________
increases ________ blood pressure
increased ________ output
cardiac __________
________ dilation
heart rate
systolic
cardiac
arrhythmias
bronchial
the maximum dose in dentistry for a healthy patient of epinephrine is _____ mg per appointment
0.2
Levonordefrin:
Synthetic
_____ of the potency of epinephrine, used in concentrated solutions
Only available with 2% __________
No systemic advantage over 1:100,000 epinephrine unless pt is sensitive to epinephrine
Less impact on ______ receptors than epinephrine
Weak ___________
1/6
mepivacaine
beta
vasoconstrictor
__________ has the least vasodilation and __________ has the most vasodilation
prilocaine
bupivacaine
toxicity results from __________ stimulation of adrenergic receptors
excessive
contraindications for vasoconstrictors include:
uncontrolled _____________
_________ allergy
cocaine or methamphetamine use within ___ hours
avoid levonordefrin and norepinephrine in those taking _____________
ASA ____ to caution dose
ASA ____ do not use vasoconstrictors
_____________ disease
uncontrolled ___________
pregnant women in the _______________
those taking ______________ should be limited to cardiac dose
hyperthyroidism
sulfite
24
tricyclic antidepressants
ASA III
ASA IV
cardiovascular
diabetes
first trimester
phenothiazides
