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Semester 3 Local Anesthesia > Chapters 2 & 3: Exam 1 > Flashcards

Chapters 2 & 3: Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

rapid, reflexive, and subconsciously protecting the body from harm

A

protective response

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2
Q

point at which a stimulus first produces a sensation of pain. innate and highly reproducible. respond to the pain when a certain level is hit. pulp test is good example

A

pain threshold

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3
Q

individual’s reaction to a painful stimulus. amount of pain an individual is willing/able to tolerate. pain threshold has been triggered but tolerance is how they handle it

A

pain tolerance

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4
Q

pain lasting a few seconds to no more than 6 months. usually caused by tissue damage from an injury or disease

A

acute pain

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5
Q

pain that persists longer than 6 months with or without an identifiable cause

A

chronic pain

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6
Q

successive impulses that are identical in size and nature to the original impulse propagation: sequential impulse generation to the processing areas in the cns

A

action potential

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7
Q

the state of having two directly opposite tendencies

A

polarity

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8
Q

the destruction, neutralization, or change in direction of polarity (any change towards 0 mV)

A

depolarization

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9
Q

the reestablishment of polarity (any change away from 0 mV)

A

repolarization

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10
Q

receiving little to no stimulation

A

resting state

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11
Q

point where impulses are generated

A

firing threshold

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12
Q

inability to successfully re-stimulate a section of membrane after impulse generation and conduction

A

refractory state

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13
Q

cannot be re-stimulated no matter how great the stimulus

A

absolute refractory state

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14
Q

larger stimulus is needed to re-stimulate the membrane

A

relative refractory state

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15
Q

unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage

A

pain

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16
Q

pain perception and reaction to stimuli is not proportional to the __________ of the physical injury

A

intensity

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17
Q

pain can be influenced by multiple variables:
- __________: socially constructed roles, ___________ differences
- _________, values, physical or _________- health
- ____________, previous experiences, and ____________ responses

A

gender, hormonal
age, mental
expectations, learned

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18
Q

detect stimuli that are then relayed to the central nervous system for interpretation

A

sensory receptors

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19
Q

detect changes in temperature

A

thermoreceptors

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20
Q

detect changes in pressure

A

mechanoreceptors

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21
Q

detect changes in body chemicals

A

chemoreceptors

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22
Q

detect injuries

A

nociceptors

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23
Q

____________ relay sensory input regardless if the individual realized the injury occurred

A

nociceptors

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24
Q

nociceptors are ______________ meaning they respond to all types of stimuli

A

polymodal

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25
Q

thermal, mechanical, and chemical stimuli all activate _____________ and relay pain to the central nervous system

A

nociceptors

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26
Q

why are nociceptors different from other receptors

A

they never adapt to the stimuli

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27
Q

the key point of nociception is:

A

protective factor

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28
Q

what are the classifications of pain

A

nociceptive pain
somatic pain
visceral pain
neuropathic pain
pain disorders associated with psychogenic factors

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29
Q

caused by injury or disease in body tissues. can be constant or intermittent and often escalates with movement

A

nociceptive pain

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30
Q

what are the two types of nociceptive pain

A

somatic and visceral

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31
Q

occurs in superficial structures (skin or muscles). usually due to an injury

A

somatic pain

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32
Q

occurs in internal body cavities. caused by compression, expansion, stretching. usually produces a squeezing or gnawing sensation

A

visceral pain

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33
Q

caused by nerve injury or dysfunction. can occur in the cns or pns. complex and usually chronic

A

neuropathic pain

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34
Q

sensory neurons (aka __________) carry impulses from the body to the ______ to be processed. impulses are ___________ at the brain

A

afferent
cns
arriving

35
Q

the _________ in sensory neurons respond to a stimuli produced in the tissues where the dendrites are located. this provokes an ________ that travels down the axon to the _______ _________ which forms a ________ with the central nervous system. the cell body is not involved in the impulse transmission, just provides _________ support

A

dendrites
impulse
terminal axon
synapse
metabolic

36
Q

which neurons are anesthetized first

A

sensory

37
Q

motor neurons (aka _______) carry impulses from the central nervous system to the ______. the brain has processed and is now sending the reaction to the rest of the body. impulses are _______ the brain

A

efferent
body
exiting

38
Q

the cell body of motor neurons is between the ________ and the ________. therefore, the cell body is an integral part. the axon terminal forms a _______ with skeletal muscle cells

A

dendrites
axon
synapse

39
Q

these nerve fiber types are lightly myelinated and middle conductors

A

type B

40
Q

these never fiber types are myelinated, fast conductors, and create a sharp pain sensation

A

type A

41
Q

these nerve fiber types are most numerous, nonmyelinated, slow conductors, and create a dull and aching pain

A

type C

42
Q

what are the part of a a neuron

A

dendritic zone
axons
cell body
axon terminal
synapse

43
Q

this part of a neuron has branches or spikes extending out. the surfaces of these receive chemical messages from other neurons

A

dendritic zone

44
Q

this is the main part of a neuron. contains the nucleus which contains the genetic material in the form of chromosomes

A

cell body

45
Q

this part of a neuron transmits an electro-chemical signal to other neurons, sometimes over a considerable distance. in some neurons, this can be hard to distinguish from the dendrites

A

axons

46
Q

this part of a neuron is at the very end of the axon. the electro-chemical signal that has traveled the length of the axon is converted into a chemical message that travels to the next neuron via the synapse

A

axon terminal

47
Q

this part of a neuron is a junction between two nerve cells, consisting of a small gap across which impulses pass by diffusion of a neurotransmitter. the impulse will travel from the dendrites, through the axon, to the axon terminal at this which is like talking to another nerve

A

synapse

48
Q

produce myelin and surround and protect peripheral nerves

A

schwall cells

49
Q

a protective covering for nerves

A

myelin

50
Q

myelin provides _________ and increased their ________ efficiency. it provides protection from the _________ environment, and it makes it difficult for __________ ___________ to diffuse

A

insulation
conduction
outside
local anesthesia

51
Q

successive impulses that are identical in size and nature to the original impulse

A

action potential

52
Q

sequential impulse generation to the processing areas in the cns

A

propagation

53
Q

the state of having two directly opposite tendencies

A

polarity

54
Q

the destruction, neutralization, or change in direction of polarity (any change towards 0mV)

A

depolarization

55
Q

the reestablishment of polarity (any change away from 0mV)

A

repolarization

56
Q

receiving little to no stimulation

A

resting state

57
Q

point where impulses are generated

A

firing threshold

58
Q

inability to successfully restimulate a section of membrane after impulse generation and conduction

A

refractory state

59
Q

cannot be restimulated no matter how great the stimulus

A

absolute refractory state

60
Q

larger stimulus is needed to restimulate the membrane

A

relative refractory state

61
Q

nerve impulses are electrical in nature and depend on changes in __________ activity along the membrane

A

ionic

62
Q

intracellular environment (axoplasm) has a resting state of __________ mV

A

-70

63
Q

at the resting state, _________ is the only ion that cannot move freely because it is blocked by calcium

A

sodium

64
Q

it is the imbalance between ________ and _________ on either side of the membrane that maintains this resting potential

A

sodium
potassium

65
Q

a stimuli occurs so _________ is released and opens the channels so sodium can enter

A

calcium

66
Q

sodium are large and positively charged and now entering the ________ charged axoplasm

A

negatively

67
Q

when a stimulus is first present, the reaction starts off __________

A

slow

68
Q

slow depolarization takes place between __________ and __________ mV

A

-50 and -55

69
Q

during slow depolarization, the extracellular environment is _________ charged and the axoplasm is less ____________ charged

A

positively
negatively

70
Q

rapid depolarization takes place at _________ mV

A

+40

71
Q

during rapid depolarization, the extracellular environment is _________ charged and the axoplasm is ___________ charged

A

negatively
positively

72
Q

repolarization occurs between ________ and _______ mV

A

-60 and-90

73
Q

repolarization is the process of returning to ________ state. the extracellular environment is _________ charged and the axoplasm is __________ charged

A

resting
positively
negatively

74
Q

propagation of nonmyelinated impulses is slow. can initiate threshold on areas only ________ ________ area of depolarization

A

directly beside

75
Q

propagation of myelinated impulses is fast, jumping from node to node: _________ conduction

A

saltatory

76
Q

local anesthetic enters nerve at ___________ ____ _________

A

nodes of ranvier

77
Q

local anesthetics cause impulse ____________

A

extinction

78
Q

interruption of impulse propagation at a particular area of a nerve

A

impulse extinction

79
Q

impulse extinction is directly related to the _________ of LA, ___________ of the drug, and length of the _________

A

volume
concentration
nerve

80
Q

these bundles innervate structures close to it

A

mantle bundles

81
Q

these bundles innervate structures farther away

A

core bundles

82
Q

it is easier to anesthetize _________- bundles because anesthetic has to pass through both layers

A

mantle

83
Q

anesthetic displaces the __________ in protein receptor sites

A

calcium

Semester 3 Local Anesthesia (9 decks)

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