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Semester 3 Local Anesthesia > Chapters 2 & 3: Exam 1 > Flashcards

Chapters 2 & 3: Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

rapid, reflexive, and subconsciously protecting the body from harm

A

protective response

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2
Q

point at which a stimulus first produces a sensation of pain. innate and highly reproducible. respond to the pain when a certain level is hit. pulp test is good example

A

pain threshold

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3
Q

individual’s reaction to a painful stimulus. amount of pain an individual is willing/able to tolerate. pain threshold has been triggered but tolerance is how they handle it

A

pain tolerance

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4
Q

pain lasting a few seconds to no more than 6 months. usually caused by tissue damage from an injury or disease

A

acute pain

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5
Q

pain that persists longer than 6 months with or without an identifiable cause

A

chronic pain

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6
Q

successive impulses that are identical in size and nature to the original impulse propagation: sequential impulse generation to the processing areas in the cns

A

action potential

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7
Q

the state of having two directly opposite tendencies

A

polarity

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8
Q

the destruction, neutralization, or change in direction of polarity (any change towards 0 mV)

A

depolarization

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9
Q

the reestablishment of polarity (any change away from 0 mV)

A

repolarization

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10
Q

receiving little to no stimulation

A

resting state

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11
Q

point where impulses are generated

A

firing threshold

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12
Q

inability to successfully re-stimulate a section of membrane after impulse generation and conduction

A

refractory state

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13
Q

cannot be re-stimulated no matter how great the stimulus

A

absolute refractory state

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14
Q

larger stimulus is needed to re-stimulate the membrane

A

relative refractory state

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15
Q

unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage

A

pain

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16
Q

pain perception and reaction to stimuli is not proportional to the __________ of the physical injury

A

intensity

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17
Q

pain can be influenced by multiple variables:
- __________: socially constructed roles, ___________ differences
- _________, values, physical or _________- health
- ____________, previous experiences, and ____________ responses

A

gender, hormonal
age, mental
expectations, learned

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18
Q

detect stimuli that are then relayed to the central nervous system for interpretation

A

sensory receptors

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19
Q

detect changes in temperature

A

thermoreceptors

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20
Q

detect changes in pressure

A

mechanoreceptors

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21
Q

detect changes in body chemicals

A

chemoreceptors

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22
Q

detect injuries

A

nociceptors

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23
Q

____________ relay sensory input regardless if the individual realized the injury occurred

A

nociceptors

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24
Q

nociceptors are ______________ meaning they respond to all types of stimuli

A

polymodal

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25
thermal, mechanical, and chemical stimuli all activate _____________ and relay pain to the central nervous system
nociceptors
26
why are nociceptors different from other receptors
they never adapt to the stimuli
27
the key point of nociception is:
protective factor
28
what are the classifications of pain
nociceptive pain somatic pain visceral pain neuropathic pain pain disorders associated with psychogenic factors
29
caused by injury or disease in body tissues. can be constant or intermittent and often escalates with movement
nociceptive pain
30
what are the two types of nociceptive pain
somatic and visceral
31
occurs in superficial structures (skin or muscles). usually due to an injury
somatic pain
32
occurs in internal body cavities. caused by compression, expansion, stretching. usually produces a squeezing or gnawing sensation
visceral pain
33
caused by nerve injury or dysfunction. can occur in the cns or pns. complex and usually chronic
neuropathic pain
34
sensory neurons (aka __________) carry impulses from the body to the ______ to be processed. impulses are ___________ at the brain
afferent cns arriving
35
the _________ in sensory neurons respond to a stimuli produced in the tissues where the dendrites are located. this provokes an ________ that travels down the axon to the _______ _________ which forms a ________ with the central nervous system. the cell body is not involved in the impulse transmission, just provides _________ support
dendrites impulse terminal axon synapse metabolic
36
which neurons are anesthetized first
sensory
37
motor neurons (aka _______) carry impulses from the central nervous system to the ______. the brain has processed and is now sending the reaction to the rest of the body. impulses are _______ the brain
efferent body exiting
38
the cell body of motor neurons is between the ________ and the ________. therefore, the cell body is an integral part. the axon terminal forms a _______ with skeletal muscle cells
dendrites axon synapse
39
these nerve fiber types are lightly myelinated and middle conductors
type B
40
these never fiber types are myelinated, fast conductors, and create a sharp pain sensation
type A
41
these nerve fiber types are most numerous, nonmyelinated, slow conductors, and create a dull and aching pain
type C
42
what are the part of a a neuron
dendritic zone axons cell body axon terminal synapse
43
this part of a neuron has branches or spikes extending out. the surfaces of these receive chemical messages from other neurons
dendritic zone
44
this is the main part of a neuron. contains the nucleus which contains the genetic material in the form of chromosomes
cell body
45
this part of a neuron transmits an electro-chemical signal to other neurons, sometimes over a considerable distance. in some neurons, this can be hard to distinguish from the dendrites
axons
46
this part of a neuron is at the very end of the axon. the electro-chemical signal that has traveled the length of the axon is converted into a chemical message that travels to the next neuron via the synapse
axon terminal
47
this part of a neuron is a junction between two nerve cells, consisting of a small gap across which impulses pass by diffusion of a neurotransmitter. the impulse will travel from the dendrites, through the axon, to the axon terminal at this which is like talking to another nerve
synapse
48
produce myelin and surround and protect peripheral nerves
schwall cells
49
a protective covering for nerves
myelin
50
myelin provides _________ and increased their ________ efficiency. it provides protection from the _________ environment, and it makes it difficult for __________ ___________ to diffuse
insulation conduction outside local anesthesia
51
successive impulses that are identical in size and nature to the original impulse
action potential
52
sequential impulse generation to the processing areas in the cns
propagation
53
the state of having two directly opposite tendencies
polarity
54
the destruction, neutralization, or change in direction of polarity (any change towards 0mV)
depolarization
55
the reestablishment of polarity (any change away from 0mV)
repolarization
56
receiving little to no stimulation
resting state
57
point where impulses are generated
firing threshold
58
inability to successfully restimulate a section of membrane after impulse generation and conduction
refractory state
59
cannot be restimulated no matter how great the stimulus
absolute refractory state
60
larger stimulus is needed to restimulate the membrane
relative refractory state
61
nerve impulses are electrical in nature and depend on changes in __________ activity along the membrane
ionic
62
intracellular environment (axoplasm) has a resting state of __________ mV
-70
63
at the resting state, _________ is the only ion that cannot move freely because it is blocked by calcium
sodium
64
it is the imbalance between ________ and _________ on either side of the membrane that maintains this resting potential
sodium potassium
65
a stimuli occurs so _________ is released and opens the channels so sodium can enter
calcium
66
sodium are large and positively charged and now entering the ________ charged axoplasm
negatively
67
when a stimulus is first present, the reaction starts off __________
slow
68
slow depolarization takes place between __________ and __________ mV
-50 and -55
69
during slow depolarization, the extracellular environment is _________ charged and the axoplasm is less ____________ charged
positively negatively
70
rapid depolarization takes place at _________ mV
+40
71
during rapid depolarization, the extracellular environment is _________ charged and the axoplasm is ___________ charged
negatively positively
72
repolarization occurs between ________ and _______ mV
-60 and-90
73
repolarization is the process of returning to ________ state. the extracellular environment is _________ charged and the axoplasm is __________ charged
resting positively negatively
74
propagation of nonmyelinated impulses is slow. can initiate threshold on areas only ________ ________ area of depolarization
directly beside
75
propagation of myelinated impulses is fast, jumping from node to node: _________ conduction
saltatory
76
local anesthetic enters nerve at ___________ ____ _________
nodes of ranvier
77
local anesthetics cause impulse ____________
extinction
78
interruption of impulse propagation at a particular area of a nerve
impulse extinction
79
impulse extinction is directly related to the _________ of LA, ___________ of the drug, and length of the _________
volume concentration nerve
80
these bundles innervate structures close to it
mantle bundles
81
these bundles innervate structures farther away
core bundles
82
it is easier to anesthetize _________- bundles because anesthetic has to pass through both layers
mantle
83
anesthetic displaces the __________ in protein receptor sites
calcium

Semester 3 Local Anesthesia (9 decks)

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