Chapters 2 & 3: Exam 1 Flashcards
rapid, reflexive, and subconsciously protecting the body from harm
protective response
point at which a stimulus first produces a sensation of pain. innate and highly reproducible. respond to the pain when a certain level is hit. pulp test is good example
pain threshold
individual’s reaction to a painful stimulus. amount of pain an individual is willing/able to tolerate. pain threshold has been triggered but tolerance is how they handle it
pain tolerance
pain lasting a few seconds to no more than 6 months. usually caused by tissue damage from an injury or disease
acute pain
pain that persists longer than 6 months with or without an identifiable cause
chronic pain
successive impulses that are identical in size and nature to the original impulse propagation: sequential impulse generation to the processing areas in the cns
action potential
the state of having two directly opposite tendencies
polarity
the destruction, neutralization, or change in direction of polarity (any change towards 0 mV)
depolarization
the reestablishment of polarity (any change away from 0 mV)
repolarization
receiving little to no stimulation
resting state
point where impulses are generated
firing threshold
inability to successfully re-stimulate a section of membrane after impulse generation and conduction
refractory state
cannot be re-stimulated no matter how great the stimulus
absolute refractory state
larger stimulus is needed to re-stimulate the membrane
relative refractory state
unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage
pain
pain perception and reaction to stimuli is not proportional to the __________ of the physical injury
intensity
pain can be influenced by multiple variables:
- __________: socially constructed roles, ___________ differences
- _________, values, physical or _________- health
- ____________, previous experiences, and ____________ responses
gender, hormonal
age, mental
expectations, learned
detect stimuli that are then relayed to the central nervous system for interpretation
sensory receptors
detect changes in temperature
thermoreceptors
detect changes in pressure
mechanoreceptors
detect changes in body chemicals
chemoreceptors
detect injuries
nociceptors
____________ relay sensory input regardless if the individual realized the injury occurred
nociceptors
nociceptors are ______________ meaning they respond to all types of stimuli
polymodal
thermal, mechanical, and chemical stimuli all activate _____________ and relay pain to the central nervous system
nociceptors
why are nociceptors different from other receptors
they never adapt to the stimuli
the key point of nociception is:
protective factor
what are the classifications of pain
nociceptive pain
somatic pain
visceral pain
neuropathic pain
pain disorders associated with psychogenic factors
caused by injury or disease in body tissues. can be constant or intermittent and often escalates with movement
nociceptive pain
what are the two types of nociceptive pain
somatic and visceral
occurs in superficial structures (skin or muscles). usually due to an injury
somatic pain
occurs in internal body cavities. caused by compression, expansion, stretching. usually produces a squeezing or gnawing sensation
visceral pain
caused by nerve injury or dysfunction. can occur in the cns or pns. complex and usually chronic
neuropathic pain
sensory neurons (aka __________) carry impulses from the body to the ______ to be processed. impulses are ___________ at the brain
afferent
cns
arriving
the _________ in sensory neurons respond to a stimuli produced in the tissues where the dendrites are located. this provokes an ________ that travels down the axon to the _______ _________ which forms a ________ with the central nervous system. the cell body is not involved in the impulse transmission, just provides _________ support
dendrites
impulse
terminal axon
synapse
metabolic
which neurons are anesthetized first
sensory
motor neurons (aka _______) carry impulses from the central nervous system to the ______. the brain has processed and is now sending the reaction to the rest of the body. impulses are _______ the brain
efferent
body
exiting
the cell body of motor neurons is between the ________ and the ________. therefore, the cell body is an integral part. the axon terminal forms a _______ with skeletal muscle cells
dendrites
axon
synapse
these nerve fiber types are lightly myelinated and middle conductors
type B
these never fiber types are myelinated, fast conductors, and create a sharp pain sensation
type A
these nerve fiber types are most numerous, nonmyelinated, slow conductors, and create a dull and aching pain
type C
what are the part of a a neuron
dendritic zone
axons
cell body
axon terminal
synapse
this part of a neuron has branches or spikes extending out. the surfaces of these receive chemical messages from other neurons
dendritic zone
this is the main part of a neuron. contains the nucleus which contains the genetic material in the form of chromosomes
cell body
this part of a neuron transmits an electro-chemical signal to other neurons, sometimes over a considerable distance. in some neurons, this can be hard to distinguish from the dendrites
axons
this part of a neuron is at the very end of the axon. the electro-chemical signal that has traveled the length of the axon is converted into a chemical message that travels to the next neuron via the synapse
axon terminal
this part of a neuron is a junction between two nerve cells, consisting of a small gap across which impulses pass by diffusion of a neurotransmitter. the impulse will travel from the dendrites, through the axon, to the axon terminal at this which is like talking to another nerve
synapse
produce myelin and surround and protect peripheral nerves
schwall cells
a protective covering for nerves
myelin
myelin provides _________ and increased their ________ efficiency. it provides protection from the _________ environment, and it makes it difficult for __________ ___________ to diffuse
insulation
conduction
outside
local anesthesia
successive impulses that are identical in size and nature to the original impulse
action potential
sequential impulse generation to the processing areas in the cns
propagation
the state of having two directly opposite tendencies
polarity
the destruction, neutralization, or change in direction of polarity (any change towards 0mV)
depolarization
the reestablishment of polarity (any change away from 0mV)
repolarization
receiving little to no stimulation
resting state
point where impulses are generated
firing threshold
inability to successfully restimulate a section of membrane after impulse generation and conduction
refractory state
cannot be restimulated no matter how great the stimulus
absolute refractory state
larger stimulus is needed to restimulate the membrane
relative refractory state
nerve impulses are electrical in nature and depend on changes in __________ activity along the membrane
ionic
intracellular environment (axoplasm) has a resting state of __________ mV
-70
at the resting state, _________ is the only ion that cannot move freely because it is blocked by calcium
sodium
it is the imbalance between ________ and _________ on either side of the membrane that maintains this resting potential
sodium
potassium
a stimuli occurs so _________ is released and opens the channels so sodium can enter
calcium
sodium are large and positively charged and now entering the ________ charged axoplasm
negatively
when a stimulus is first present, the reaction starts off __________
slow
slow depolarization takes place between __________ and __________ mV
-50 and -55
during slow depolarization, the extracellular environment is _________ charged and the axoplasm is less ____________ charged
positively
negatively
rapid depolarization takes place at _________ mV
+40
during rapid depolarization, the extracellular environment is _________ charged and the axoplasm is ___________ charged
negatively
positively
repolarization occurs between ________ and _______ mV
-60 and-90
repolarization is the process of returning to ________ state. the extracellular environment is _________ charged and the axoplasm is __________ charged
resting
positively
negatively
propagation of nonmyelinated impulses is slow. can initiate threshold on areas only ________ ________ area of depolarization
directly beside
propagation of myelinated impulses is fast, jumping from node to node: _________ conduction
saltatory
local anesthetic enters nerve at ___________ ____ _________
nodes of ranvier
local anesthetics cause impulse ____________
extinction
interruption of impulse propagation at a particular area of a nerve
impulse extinction
impulse extinction is directly related to the _________ of LA, ___________ of the drug, and length of the _________
volume
concentration
nerve
these bundles innervate structures close to it
mantle bundles
these bundles innervate structures farther away
core bundles
it is easier to anesthetize _________- bundles because anesthetic has to pass through both layers
mantle
anesthetic displaces the __________ in protein receptor sites
calcium
