Chapters 4 and 5

Question 1

Harriet Tubman

Answer 1

Born a slave in Maryland in the early 1820s, Tubman escaped to freedom and became a conductor on the Underground Railroad. She led more than seventy people to freedom in the North, served in the Union during the Civil War, and championed women’s suffrage.

Question 2

Abolitionist

Answer 2

A supporter, especially in the early nineteenth century, of ending the institution of slavery.

Question 3

Civil rights

Answer 3

The government-protected rights of individuals against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by governments or individuals.

Question 4

Equal protection clause

Answer 4

Section of the Fourteenth Amendment that guarantees that all citizens receive “equal protection of the laws”.

Question 5

Frederick Douglass

Answer 5

A former slave born in the early 1800s who became a leading abolitionist, writer, and suffragist.

Question 6

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Answer 6

Leading nineteenth-century feminist, suffragist, and abolitionist who, along with Lucretia Mott, organized the Seneca Falls Convention. Stanton later founded the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) with Susan B. Anthony.

Question 7

Lucretia Mott

Answer 7

Leading nineteenth-century feminist, suffragist, and abolitionist who, along with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, organized the Seneca Falls Convention.

Question 8

Seneca Falls Convention

Answer 8

The first major feminist meeting, held in New York State in 1848, which produced the historic “Declaration of Sentiments” calling for equal rights for women.

Question 9

Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)

Answer 9

A Supreme Court decision that ruled the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional and denied citizenship rights to enslaved African Americans. Dred Scott heightened tensions between the proslavery South and the abolitionist North in the run up to the Civil War.

Question 10

Emancipation Proclamation

Answer 10

President Abraham Lincoln issued this proclamation on January 1, 1863, in the third year of the Civil War. It freed all slaves in states that were in active rebellion against the United States.

Question 11

Thirteenth Amendment

Answer 11

One of three major amendments ratified after the Civil War; specifically bans slavery in the United States.

Question 12

Fourteenth Amendment

Answer 12

One of three major amendments ratified after the Civil War; guarantees equal protection and due process of the law to all U.S. citizens.

Question 13

Fifteenth Amendment

Answer 13

One of three major amendments ratified after the Civil War; specifically enfranchised newly freed male slaves.

Question 14

Susan B. Anthony

Answer 14

Nineteenth-century feminist, suffragist, and founder of the National Woman Suffrage Association with Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Anthony later formed the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), which along with the National Woman’s Party (NWP) helped to ensure ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment.

Question 15

Civil Rights Act of 1875

Answer 15

Passed by Congress to enforce the Fourteenth Amendment’s guarantees of equal protection to African Americans. Granted equal access to public accommodations among other provisions.

Question 16

Jim Crow laws

Answer 16

Laws enacted by southern states that required segregation in public schools, theaters, hotels, and other public accommodations.

Question 17

Poll taxes

Answer 17

Taxes levied in many southern states and localities that had to be paid before an eligible voter could cast a ballot.

Question 18

Grandfather clause

Answer 18

Voter qualification provision in many southern states that allowed only those citizens whose grandfathers had voted before Reconstruction to vote unless they passed a wealth or literacy test.

Question 19

Progressive Era (1890–1920)

Answer 19

A period of widespread activism to reform political, economic, and social ills in the United States.

Question 20

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Answer 20

Supreme Court case that challenged a Louisiana statute requiring that railroads provide separate accommodations for blacks and whites; the Court found that separate-but-equal accommodations did not violate the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

Question 21

Separate-but-equal doctrine

Answer 21

The central tenet of the Plessy v. Ferguson decision that claimed that separate accommodations for blacks and whites did not violate the Constitution. This doctrine was used by southern states to pass widespread discriminatory legislation at the end of the nineteenth century.

Question 22

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

Answer 22

An important rights organization founded in 1909 to oppose segregation, racism, and voting rights violations targeted against African Americans.

Question 23

National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

Answer 23

Organization created by joining the National and American Woman Suffrage Associations.

Question 24

Suffrage movement

Answer 24

The drive for voting rights for women that took place in the United States in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries until ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920.

Question 25

National Woman’s Party (NWP)

Answer 25

A militant suffrage organization founded in the early twentieth century. Members of the NWP were arrested, jailed, and even force-fed by authorities when they went on hunger strikes to secure voting rights for women.

Question 26

Nineteenth Amendment

Answer 26

Amendment to the Constitution passed in 1920 that guaranteed women the right to vote.

Question 27

NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund (LDF)

Answer 27

The legal arm of the NAACP that successfully litigated the landmark case of Brown v. Board of Education and a host of other key civil rights cases.

Question 28

Thurgood Marshall

Answer 28

A leading civil rights lawyer and the first head of the NAACP’s Legal Defense and Educational Fund. Marshall was the first African American appointed to the Supreme Court and served on the Court from 1967 until 1991.

Question 29

Harry S Truman

Answer 29

The thirty-third president, a Democrat, who served from 1945 until 1953. Truman became president when Franklin D. Roosevelt died in office; he led the United States through the end of World War II and the start of the Cold War.

Question 30

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Answer 30

U.S. Supreme Court decision holding that school segregation is inherently unconstitutional because it violates the Fourteenth Amendment’s guarantee of equal protection of the law.

Question 31

Dwight D. Eisenhower

Answer 31

The thirty-fourth president, a Republican, who served from 1953 to 1961. Eisenhower commanded Allied Forces during World War II.

Question 32

Rosa Parks

Answer 32

A leading civil rights activist of the twentieth century. Parks was most notably involved with the Montgomery Bus Boycott.

Question 33

Martin Luther King Jr

Answer 33

A Baptist minister, proponent of nonviolence, and the most prominent leader of the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s. He was assassinated on April 4, 1968.

Question 34

John F. Kennedy

Answer 34

The thirty-fifth president, a Democrat, who served from 1961 to 1963 and marked a generational shift in U.S. politics at the height of the Cold War. He was assassinated November 22, 1963.

Question 35

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Answer 35

Wide-ranging legislation passed by Congress to outlaw segregation in public facilities and discrimination in employment, education, and voting; created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.

Question 36

National Organization for Women (NOW)

Answer 36

The leading activist group of the women’s rights movement, especially in the 1960s and 1970s.

Question 37

Eleanor Roosevelt

Answer 37

First Lady of the United States from 1933 to 1945. Roosevelt championed human rights throughout her life and served as the U.S.’s first delegate to the United Nations General Assembly and later chaired the UN’s Commission on Human Rights.

Question 38

Equal Pay Act of 1963

Answer 38

Legislation that requires employers to pay men and women equal pay for equal work.

Question 39

Title IX

Answer 39

Provision of the Education Amendments of 1972 that bars educational institutions that receive federal funds from discriminating against female students.

Question 40

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

Answer 40

Proposed amendment to the Constitution that states “Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state on account of sex.”

Question 41

League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC)

Answer 41

An activist group founded in 1929 to combat discrimination against, and promote assimilation among, Americans of Hispanic origin.

Question 42

Cesar Chavez

Answer 42

Labor organizer who, with Dolores Huerta, founded the United Farm Workers Union (UFW) in the 1960s.

Question 43

Dolores Huerta

Answer 43

Labor organizer who, with Cesar Chavez, founded the United Farm Workers Union (UFW) in the 1960s.

Question 44

Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund (MALDEF)

Answer 44

An organization modeled on the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund that works to protect the civil rights of Americans of Mexican and other Hispanic heritage.

Question 45

Chinese Exclusion Act

Answer 45

A law passed by Congress in 1882 that prohibited all new immigration into the U.S. from China.

Question 46

Korematsu v. U.S. (1944)

Answer 46

A Supreme Court ruling that upheld the authority of the U.S. government to require mass interment of people of Japanese ancestry in the United States during World War II.

Question 47

LGBT community

Answer 47

A minority group based on sexual orientation and gender identity that includes lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people.

Question 48

Lawrence v. texas (2003)

Answer 48

A 2003 Supreme Court ruling that antisodomy laws violated the constitutional right to privacy.

Question 49

United States v. windsor (2013)

Answer 49

A Supreme Court ruling striking down the 1996 Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), which prohibited federal recognition of same-sex marriages.

Question 50

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Answer 50

Supreme Court ruling that held that same-sex couples have a fundamental right to marry under the Constitution.

Question 51

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

Answer 51

A law enacted by Congress in 1990 designed to guarantee accommodation and access for people with a wide range of disabilities.

Question 52

Standards of review

Answer 52

The levels of deference the Court gives governments to craft policies that make distinctions on the basis of personal characteristics. These standards stem from the Court’s need to ensure that laws do not undermine the Fourteenth Amendment’s equal protection clause.

Question 53

Suspect classifications

Answer 53

Category or class, such as race or a fundamental freedom, that triggers the highest standard of scrutiny from the Supreme Court.

Question 54

Strict scrutiny

Answer 54

A heightened standard of review used by the Supreme Court to determine the constitutional validity of a challenged practice. Legislation affecting the fundamental freedoms of speech, assembly, religion, and the press as well as suspect classifications are automatically accorded this level of review.

Question 55

Affirmative action

Answer 55

Policies designed to give special attention or compensatory treatment to members of a previously disadvantaged group.

Question 56

Intermediate standard of review

Answer 56

A standard of review in which the Court determines whether classifications serve an important governmental objective and are substantially related to serving that objective. Gender-related legislation automatically accorded this level of review.

Question 57

Rational basis standard of review

Answer 57

A standard of review in which the Court determines whether any rational foundation for the discrimination exists. Legislation affecting individuals based on age, wealth, mental capacity are generally given this level of review.

Question 58

The Crown v. Zenger (1735)

Answer 58

Legal case in the colony of New York that is considered a precursor to free press provisions in the Constitution. The case did not set legal precedent, but did reflect a difference between British authorities and colonists with regard to press freedoms.

Question 59

Civil liberties

Answer 59

The personal guarantees and freedoms that the government cannot abridge by law, constitution, or judicial interpretation.

Question 60

Civil rights

Answer 60

The government-protected rights of individuals against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by governments or individuals.

Question 61

Bill of Rights

Answer 61

The first ten amendments to the U.S.
Constitution, which largely guarantee
specific rights and liberties.

Question 62

Ninth Amendment

Answer 62

Part of the Bill of Rights that makes it clear that enumerating rights in the Constitution or Bill of Rights does not mean that others do not exist.

Question 63

Tenth Amendment

Answer 63

The final part of the Bill of Rights that defines the basic principle of American federalism in stating that the powers not delegated to the national government are reserved to the states or to the people.

Question 64

Fourteenth Amendment

Answer 64

One of three major amendments enacted after the Civil War, extending “equal protection of the law” to all citizens.

Question 65

Due process clause

Answer 65

Clause contained in the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments; over the years, it has been construed to guarantee a variety of rights to individuals.

Question 66

Substantive due process

Answer 66

Judicial interpretation of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments’ due process clauses. Protects citizens from arbitrary or unjust state or federal laws.

Question 67

Sedition laws

Answer 67

Laws that make it illegal to speak or write any political criticism that threaten to diminish respect for the government, its laws, or public officials. State sedition laws were overturned as a result of the 1925 Gitlow Supreme Court decision.

Question 68

Gitlow v. New York (1925)

Answer 68

A Supreme Court case that extended the First Amendment’s protections of freedom of speech and of the press to the state governments.

Question 69

Incorporation doctrine

Answer 69

An interpretation of the Constitution holding that the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment requires state and local governments to guarantee the rights stated in the Bill of Rights.

Question 70

Selective incorporation

Answer 70

A judicial doctrine whereby most, but not all, protections found in the Bill of Rights are made applicable to the states via the Fourteenth Amendment.

Question 71

Fundamental freedoms

Answer 71

Those rights defined by the Court as essential to order, liberty, and justice and therefore entitled to the highest standard of review

Question 72

Warren Court

Answer 72

The period in Supreme Court history during which Earl Warren served as Chief Justice (1953-1969), noted for its many rulings expanding civil liberties and civil rights.

Question 73

Earl Warren

Answer 73

The fourteenth Chief Justice of the United States who served from 1953 to 1969 and led the Court through an important liberal phase; previously a Republican governor and vice presidential nominee.

Question 74

First Amendment

Answer 74

Part of the Bill of Rights that imposes a number of restrictions on the federal government with respect to civil liberties, including freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition.

Question 75

Establishment clause

Answer 75

The first clause of the First Amendment; it directs the national government not to sanction an official religion.

Question 76

Free exercise clause

Answer 76

The second clause of the First Amendment; it prohibits the U.S. government from interfering with a citizen’s right to practice his or her religion.

Question 77

Lemon test

Answer 77

Three-part test created by the Supreme Court for examining the constitutionality of religious establishment issues.

Question 78

Prior restraint

Answer 78

Constitutional doctrine that prevents the government from prohibiting speech or publication before the fact; generally held to be in violation of the First Amendment.

Question 79

Alien and Sedition Acts

Answer 79

Laws passed in 1798 that allowed the imprisonment and deportation of aliens considered dangerous and criminalized false statements against the government.

Question 80

Abolitionist

Answer 80

A supporter, especially in the early nineteenth century, of an end to the institution of slavery.

Question 81

Abraham lincoln

Answer 81

Sixteenth president of the United States, the first elected Republican president, who served from 1861- 1865. Lincoln, who led the Union during the Civil War, was assassinated in 1865 by a Confederate sympathizer, John Wilkes Booth

Question 82

Espionage Act

Answer 82

A 1917 law that prohibited urging resistance to the draft or distributing anti-war leaflets; by the Supreme Court in Schenck v. U.S.

Question 83

Clear and present danger test

Answer 83

Test articulated by the Supreme Court in Schenck v. U.S. (1919) to draw the line between protected and unprotected speech; the Court looks to see “whether the words used” could “create a clear and present danger that they will bring about substantive evils” that Congress seeks “to prevent.”

Question 84

Direct incitement test

Answer 84

Test articulated by the Supreme Court in Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969) holding that the First Amendment protects advocacy of illegal action unless imminent lawless action is intended and likely to occur.

Question 85

New York Times Co. v. U.S. (1971)

Answer 85

The case in which the Supreme Court ruled that the U.S. government could not block the publication of secret Department of Defense documents illegally furnished to the Times by antiwar activists. Also called the Pentagon Papers case.

Question 86

Symbolic speech

Answer 86

Symbols, signs, and other methods of expression generally considered to be protected by the First Amendment.

Question 87

Hate speech

Answer 87

Communication that belittles a person or group on the basis of race, gender, ethnicity, or other characteristics.

Question 88

Occupy Wall Street

Answer 88

A recent social movement that promotes protests and political activism against income inequality and corporate greed.

Question 89

Black lives matter (Blm)

Answer 89

A recent social movement focused on direct protest and political activism against police brutality, mass incarceration, and related offenses against African Americans.

Question 90

Libel

Answer 90

False written statement that defames a person’s character.

Question 91

Slander

Answer 91

Untrue spoken statements that defame the character of a person.

Question 92

New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964)

Answer 92

Case in which the Supreme Court concluded that “actual malice” must be proven to support a finding of libel against a public figure.

Question 93

Fighting words

Answer 93

Words that “by their very utterance inflict injury or tend to incite an immediate breach of peace.” Fighting words are not subject to the protections of the First Amendment.

Question 94

Miller v. California (1973)

Answer 94

Supreme Court case that created the “Miller test” to determine when sexually explicit expression was obscene and therefore beyond the protection of the First Amendment.

Question 95

DeJonge v. Oregon (1937)

Answer 95

Supreme Course case that applied the First Amendment’s protections of freedom of assembly to the states.

Question 96

Eighteenth Amendment

Answer 96

A 1913 amendment that created the nationwide prohibition on alcoholic beverages; it was repealed in 1933.

Question 97

Writs of habeas corpus

Answer 97

Petition requesting that a judge order authorities to prove that a prisoner is being held lawfully and that allows the prisoner to be freed if the government’s case does not persuade the judge. Habeas corpus rights imply that prisoners have a right to know what charges are being made against them.

Question 98

Ex post facto law

Answer 98

Law that makes an act punishable as a crime even if the action was legal at the time it was committed.

Question 99

Bill of attainder

Answer 99

A law declaring an act illegal without a judicial trial.

Question 100

Due process rights

Answer 100

Protections drawn from the Fourth Amendment and the Bill of Rights. Due process may be procedural, ensuring fair treatment, or substantive, protecting fundamental rights.

Question 101

Fourth Amendment

Answer 101

Part of the Bill of Rights that protects people from unreasonable searches and seizures of their persons, houses, papers, and effects without a warrant from a judge among other guarantees.

Question 102

Fifth Amendment

Answer 102

Part of the Bill of Rights that imposes a number of restrictions on the federal government with respect to the rights of persons suspected of committing a crime. It provides for indictment by a grand jury and protection against self incrimination, and prevents the national government from denying a person life, liberty, or property without the due process of law. It also prevents the national government from taking property without just compensation.

Question 103

Grand jury

Answer 103

A group of citizens charged with determining whether enough evidence exists for a case to go to trial. Guaranteed by the Fifth Amendment.

Question 104

Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

Answer 104

A landmark Supreme Court ruling holding that the Fifth Amendment requires individuals arrested for a crime to be advised of their right to remain silent and to have counsel present.

Question 105

Miranda rights

Answer 105

Statements required of police that inform a suspect of his or her constitutional rights protected by the Fifth Amendment, including the right to an attorney provided by a court if the suspect cannot afford one.

Question 106

Burger Court

Answer 106

The period in Supreme Court history during which Warren Burger served as Chief Justice (1969–1986).

Question 107

Warren E. Burger

Answer 107

The fifteenth Chief Justice of the United States who served from 1969 to 1986 and who led the Court in an increasingly conservative direction.

Question 108

Double jeopardy clause

Answer 108

Part of the Fifth Amendment that protects individuals from being tried twice for the same offense in the same jurisdiction.

Question 109

Sixth Amendment

Answer 109

Part of the Bill of Rights that sets out the basic requirements of procedural due process for federal courts to follow in criminal trials. These include speedy and public trials, impartial juries, trials in the state where the crime was committed, notice of the charges, the right to confront and obtain favorable witnesses, and the right to counsel.

Question 110

Capital cases

Answer 110

Court cases in which a conviction may result in the application of the death penalty

Question 111

Eighth Amendment

Answer 111

Part of the Bill of Rights that states: “Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.”

Question 112

Right to privacy

Answer 112

The right to be left alone; a judicially created principle encompassing a variety of individual actions protected by the penumbras cast by several constitutional amendments, including the First, Third, Fourth, Ninth, and Fourteenth Amendments.

Question 113

Roe v. Wade (1973)

Answer 113

The Supreme Court found that a woman’s right to an abortion was protected by the right to privacy that could be implied from specific guarantees found in the Bill of Rights applied to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment.

Question 114

Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey (1992)

Answer 114

The Supreme Court’s decision in this abortion case replaced the strict scrutiny standard of Roe with the less stringent undue burden standard.

Question 115

Undue burden test

Answer 115

A standard set by the Supreme Court in the Casey case in 1992 that narrowed Roe v. Wade and allowed for greater regulation of abortion by the states.

Question 116

Whole Woman’s Health v. Hellerstedt (2016)

Answer 116

Supreme Court abortion ruling that struck down state law provisions in Texas as presenting an undue burden on women seeking abortions. This decision invalidated numerous state and local laws that imposed similar limitations on clinics.

Question 117

September 11th

Answer 117

A terrorist plot carried out on September 11, 2001 that used hijacked civilian aircraft to attack the World Trade Center in New York and the Pentagon near Washington, D.C.

Question 118

Black Codes

Answer 118

Southern states passed laws (Black Codes) that prohibited Black Americans from –Voting –Sitting on juries –Or even appearing in public places