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Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

How do Plato and Aristotle classify types of government?

A

According to who participates, who governs, and how much authority those who govern enjoy.

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2
Q

What led the framers to create a republican democracy?

A

Fears about mob rule and the vast size of the United States.

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3
Q

What does the framer’s republican democracy rely on?

A

Representatives to filter citizens’ viewpoints.

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4
Q

During colonial times, how many native American tribes were there?

A

600

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5
Q

What does sovereignty do?

A

Bounds members to the government’s ideals and authority.

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6
Q

Native American tribes operated by what?

A

Consensus

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7
Q

What were two differences between how the Native American tribes functioned and how the US government functions?

A

1) Principles of majority rule were foreign to Native Americans.
2) Decisions by Native American leaders were based on both politics and religion.

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8
Q

When were women allowed to vote in the US?

A

When the 19th amendment was ratified in 1920.

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9
Q

Where were a lot of ideas of Federalism taken from?

A

The Native Americans.

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10
Q

What was happening when the Framers wrote the US constitution?

A

Citizens and political theorists were beginning to question the source of the government’s power.

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11
Q

What do you call a government ruled by one with the public interest?

A

Monarchy

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12
Q

What do you call a government ruled by one with self-interest?

A

Tyranny

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13
Q

What do you call government ruled by the few with the public interest?

A

Aristocracy

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14
Q

What do you call a government ruled by the few with self-interest?

A

Oligarchy

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15
Q

What do you call a government ruled by the many with the public interest?

A

Polity

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16
Q

What do you call a government ruled by many with self-interest?

A

Democracy

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17
Q

What is a polity?

A

Rule of the many for the benefit of all citizens.

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18
Q

Of 190 countries, how many are democracies?

A

123

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19
Q

Did the word federal appear in the US Constitution?

A

No

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20
Q

Where did the Articles of Confederation derive all its power from?

A

The states

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21
Q

What is a confederation?

A

Type of government in which the national government derives its powers from the states; a league of independent states.

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22
Q

What was the Iroquois Confederacy?

A

A political alliance of Native American tribes established in the 17th century that featured aspects of the federal system of government adapted by the framers.

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23
Q

What is a monarchy?

A

A form of government in which power is vested in hereditary kings and queens who govern the entire society. (ex: Great Britain)

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24
Q

What is Totalitarianism?

A

A form of government in which power resides in leaders who rule by force in their own self-interest and without regard to rights and liberties. (ex: NAZIs lead by Adolf Hitler)

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25
Q

What is an Oligarchy?

A

A form of government in which the right to participate depends on the possession of wealth, social status, military position, or achievement. (ex: Russia under Vladimir Putin)

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26
Q

What is a democracy?

A

A system of government in which the national government and state governments share power and derive all authority from the people directly or indirectly.

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27
Q

What was the US known for first adopting?

A

A federal system.

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28
Q

What is a Federal System?

A

A system of government in which the national government and state governments share power and derive all authority from the people.

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29
Q

How does a Unitary System work?

A

Local and regional governments derive authority from the national government.

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30
Q

What is a Unitary System?

A

System of government in which the local and regional governments derive all authority from a strong national government. (ex: Great Britain)

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31
Q

What 2 types of powers does the national government get from the Constitution?

A

Enumerated powers and Implied powers.

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32
Q

What do National and State governments share?

A

Concurrent powers.

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33
Q

Are local governments mentioned in the Constitution?

A

No.

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34
Q

When are local governments formed?

A

When state governments delegate their sovereign authority.

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35
Q

What are Enumerated Powers?

A

The powers of the National Government that are specifically granted to Congress in Article 1, Section 8 of the constitution.

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36
Q

Whare are Implied Powers?

A

The powers of the national government that are derived from the enumerated powers and necessary and proper clause.

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37
Q

What is the supremacy clause?

A

States that the National Government is supreme in situations of conflict between state and national law. Found in article 6 (VI).

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38
Q

What is the necessary and proper clause also known as?

A

The elastic clause.

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39
Q

Which article states that each state is entitled to 2 senators, and leaves to the states, the time, places, and manner of national elections?

A

Article 1 (I).

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40
Q

What does Article 2 (II) require?

A

Each state must appoint electors to vote for the president.

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41
Q

What does article 4 (IV) guarantee?

A

A republican form of government, meaning one that represents the citizens of each state.

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42
Q

When were state powers described in greater detail?

A

When the 10th Amendment was introduced.

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43
Q

What are police powers?

A

The fundamental ability of a government to enact laws to coerce its citizenry for the public good.

44
Q

What are reserved powers?

A

Powers given to the States in the 10th Ammendment.

45
Q

What are some of the National Powers?

A

Collect duties, imposts, and excises Regulate commerce with foreign nations, establish rules of naturalization, coin money, establish a post office, declare and conduct war, and provide for an army and a navy.

46
Q

What are some of the Concurrent Powers?

A

Tax, borrow money, establish courts, make and enforce laws, charter banks and corporations, and spend money for the general welfare.

47
Q

What are some of the State Powers?

A

Set times, places, and manner of elections and appoint electors, ratify amendments to the U.S. constitution, take measures for public health, safety, morals, establish local governments, regulate commerce within a state.

48
Q

What are concurrent powers?

A

Powers shared by the national and state government.

49
Q

What are 2 things denied to both state and federal government?

A

Bill of attainder and ex post facto laws.

50
Q

What is bill of attainder?

A

A law declaring an act illegal without a judicial trial.

51
Q

What is ex post facto law?

A

Law that makes an act punishable as a crime, even if the action was legal at the time it was committed.

52
Q

Where are denied powers mentioned in the Constitution?

A

Article 1 (I).

53
Q

What settles disputes among multiple states?

A

The US Supreme court (according to Article 3 [III])

54
Q

What is the full faith and credit clause?

A

Section of Article 4 (IV) of the constitution ensures judicial decrees and contracts made in one state will be binding and enforceable in any other state.

55
Q

What is the privileges and immunities clause?

A

Part of Article 4 (IV) of the constitution guarantees that the citizens of each state are afforded the same rights as citizens of all other states.

56
Q

What is the Extradition clause?

A

Part of article 4 (IV) of the Constitution requires states to extradite, or return, criminals to states where they have been convicted or are to stand trial.

57
Q

What part of the constitution is designed to help with interstate cooperation?

A

Inter-state compacts (Article 1 (I), Section 10)

58
Q

What are inter-state compacts?

A

Contracts between states that carry the force of law. Generally now used as a tool to address multistate policy concearns.

59
Q

What is Dillon’s rule?

A

A premise articulated by Judge John F. Dillon in 1868 states that local governments do not have any inherent sovereignty and instead must be authorized by state governments that can create or abolish them.

60
Q

What is a charter?

A

I document, like a constitution, specifies the basic policies, procedures, and institutions of local government. Charters for local governments must be approved by state legislatures.

61
Q

What are counties?

A

The basic administrative unites of local government.

62
Q

What are municipalities?

A

City governments created in response to the emergence of relatively densely populated areas.

63
Q

What is a special district?

A

A local government that is restricted to a particular function. (ex: school districts libraries, sewage, etc.)

64
Q

What is the most common type of special district?

A

School District

65
Q

Who was John Marshall?

A

The longest-serving supreme court chief justice, Marshal served from 1801 to 1835. Marshall’s decision in Marbury v. Madison established the principle of judicial review in the United States.

66
Q

What four rulings were John Marshall a part of?

A

Marbury v. Maddison, McCulloch v. Maryland, Gibbons v. Ogden, and Barron v. Baltimore.

67
Q

What was McCulloch v. Maryland?

A

The supreme court upheld the power of the national government and denied the right of a state to tax the federal bank, using the Constitution’s supremacy clause and justified the creation of a federal bank using implied powers.

68
Q

What two questions did John Marshall answer in the McCulloch v. Maryland case?

A

1) Did Congress have the authority to charter a bank?

2) If it did, could a state tax it?

69
Q

What was Gibbons v. Ogden?

A

The Supreme Court upheld broad congressional power to regulate interstate commerce. The Court’s broad interpretation of the Constitution’s commerce clause paved the way for later rulings upholding expansive federal powers.

70
Q

Which case limited the bill of rights?

A

Barron v. Baltimore.

71
Q

What was Barron v. Baltimore?

A

Supreme Court ruling that, before the Civil War, limited the applicability of the Bill Of Rights to the federal government and not to the states because enumerated rights contained in the Bill of Rights applied only to the national government.

72
Q

Who was Roger B. Taney?

A

Supreme Court Chief Justice who served from 1835-1864. He supported slavery and states’ rights in the pre-Civil War Era.

73
Q

What did Robert B. Taney further articulate?

A

Notions of concurrent power and dual federalism.

74
Q

What is dual federalism?

A

The belief that having separate and equally powerful levels of government is the best arrangement is often referred to as layer-cake federalism.

75
Q

What is nullification in simple terms?

A

The belief in the right of a state to declare void federal law.

76
Q

How does nullification work?

A

If the people of any individual state don’t like what Congress is doing, then the states could hold a convention on nullifying the act. 3/4 states would need to agree to ratify the act in order for it to have any effect.

77
Q

Who was John C. Calhoun?

A

A politician and political theorist from South Carolina that supported slavery and state’s rights in the pre-Civil war era and served as vice president from 1825-1832. (Theorized nullification).

78
Q

How did the question of nullification come about?

A

The Tariff Of Abominations (raised duties on raw materials and wool).

79
Q

What was the Dred Scott v. Sandford?

A

A supreme court decision that ruled Missouri compromises unconstitutional and denied citizenship rights to enslaved African Americans, Dred Scott heightened tensions between the pro-slavery South and the abolitionist North in the run-up to the Civil war.

80
Q

What was the Civil War?

A

The military conflict from 1861 to 1865 in the United States between the Northern Forces of the Union and the Southern forces of the Confederacy. Over 600,000 Americans lost their lives during the war.

81
Q

Who was Abraham Lincoln?

A

The sixteenth president of the United States, the first elected Republican president, served from 1861-1865. Lincoln, who led the Union during the Civil War, was assassinated in 1865 by a confederate sympathizer, John Booth.

82
Q

What is Secession?

A

A unilateral assertion of independence by a geographic region within a country, The eleven southern states making up the Confederacy during the Civil War seceded from the United States.

83
Q

What was the Confederate States Of America?

A

The political system created by the eleven states that seceded from the Union during the Civil War, which ceased to exist upon the Union Victory.

84
Q

What was the Reconstruction Period?

A

The period from 1865-1877 after the Civil War, in which the US military occupied and dominated the eleven former states of the Confederacy.

85
Q

Who was Andrew Johnson?

A

The seventeenth president of the United States, a Republican, served from 1865-1869 as Lincoln’s vice president. He became president after Lincoln’s assassination.

86
Q

What was the 16th Amendment?

A

Amendment to the Constitution that authorized Congress to enact a national income Taz.

87
Q

What was the 17th Amendment?

A

Amendment to the constitution that made senators directly elected by the people, removing their selection bt state legislatures.

88
Q

What set the stage for expanded national government?

A

16th and 17th Amendments.

89
Q

What was the catalyst for dual federalism’s demise?

A

The Great Depression.

90
Q

Who were Calvin Coolidge and Herbert Hoover?

A

30 and 31 presidents of the United States. Took little action during the Great Depression because they believed it’s better dealt with `by state and local government.

91
Q

Who was Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR)?

A

32nd president of the United States. Took the US out of the Great Depression and World War 2 (II) by proposing the “New Deal.”

92
Q

What was the New Deal?

A

The name was given to the program of “Relief, Recovery, Reform” which was begun by President FDR in 1933 to bring the US out of the Great Depression.

93
Q

What is cooperative federalism?

A

The intertwined relationship between national, state and local governments began with the New deal; often referred to as marble-cake federalism.

94
Q

What is progressive federalism?

A

A pragmatic approach to federalism that views relations between national and state governments as coercive and cooperative.

95
Q

Who was Barack Obama?

A

The first African American president of the United States, a Democrat, served as 44th president from 2009-2017. Was Senator in Illinois.

96
Q

What are categorical grants?

A

Grants that appropriate federal funds to states for a specific purpose.

97
Q

Who is Lyndon B. Johnson (LBJ)?

A

36th president of the United States, a Democrat, who served from 1964-1969. LBJ led the nation during the Civil Rights Era and the Vietnam war. He launched Great Society.

98
Q

What was Great Society?

A

A reform program began in 1964 which attempted to combat poverty and discrimination through urban renewal, education reform, and unemployment relief.

99
Q

Who was Ronald Reagn?

A

The 40th president of the United States, a Republican, served from 1981-1989. He led the nation through the end of the Cold War and his leadership led to a national shift toward political conservatism (New Federalism).

100
Q

What is New Federalism?

A

The federal-state relationship proposed by the Reagan administration during the 1980s; hallmark is returning administrative powers to the state government.

101
Q

What are block grants?

A

A large grant given to a state by the federal government with only general spending guidelines.

102
Q

What are programmatic requests?

A

Feder funds are designated for special projects within a state or congressional district; also called earmarks.

103
Q

What is the Commerce Clause?

A

Refers to Article 1, section 8, clause 4 of the US Constitution, which gives Congress the power to regulate commerce with foreign nations, and mong server states.

104
Q

Who was Republican Newt Gingrich?

A

campaign pledge signed by most Republican candidates
 Promised to debate role of the national government in regard
to the states
 Key component: Unfunded Mandates
 Mandates – laws that direct states to comply with federal
rules/regulations under the threat of civil or criminal
penalties, or as a condition of receiving grants

105
Q

What was the Rehnquist Court?

A

decision in what some call the “devolution federalism” era. For years Congress had
used the interstate commerce clause to encroach into
a number of areas normally reserved to the states
under the 10th Amendment. The commerce clause
does not give Congress unlimited powers more
appropriately reserved to the states. In the Lopez
case, the majority opinion presents an excellent
overview of the various interpretations and phases of federalism since the Founding.

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