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Biology 101 (BIO 101) > Chapters 4-5 > Flashcards

Chapters 4-5 Flashcards

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1
Q

light microscope

A

can display living cells

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2
Q

resolution

A
  • ability to distinguish two nearby objects as separate

- measure of the clarity of an image

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3
Q

cell theory

A

states that

  • all living things are composed of cells
  • all cells come from other cells
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4
Q

electron microscope

A

focuses a beam of electrons through a specimen or onto its surface
-can distinguish biological structures

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5
Q

scanning electron microscope

A
  • used to study the detailed architecture of cell surfaces

- uses an electron beam to scan the surface of a cell or other sample.

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6
Q

transmission electron microscope

A
  • used to study details of internal structure

- aims an electron beam through a very thin section of a specimen

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7
Q

what is the maximum size of a cell influenced by?

A

geometry.

- need to have a surface area large enough to service the volume of a cell

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8
Q

plasma/cell membrane

A
  • forms a flexible boundary between the living cell and its surroundings
  • a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.
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9
Q

prokaryotic cells

A
  • first to evolve
  • earth’s sole inhabitants
  • bacteria and archaea
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10
Q

eukaryotic cells

A

evolved from ancestral cells about 1.8 billion years ago

-everything else

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11
Q

how are eukaryotic cells distinguished from prokaryotic cells?

A
  • have a membrane-enclosed nucleus
  • larger and more complex
  • many membrane-enclosed organelles that perform specific functions.
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12
Q

basic features of cells

A

-have cytosol, chromosomes, ribosomes, cytoplasm

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13
Q

cytosol

A

a thick, jelly-like fluid in the interior of all cells

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14
Q

chromosomes

A

carry genes made of DNA

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15
Q

ribosomes

A
  • are composed of ribosomal RNA and proteins

- synthesize proteins according to directions from DNA.

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16
Q

cytoplasm

A

-in eukaryotic cells, term refers only to the region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane

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17
Q

plant cell structures that animal cells lack

A
  • rigid, rather thick cell wall

- chloroplast

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18
Q

nucleus

A

contains the cell’s genetic instructions encoded in DNA

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19
Q

nucleolus

A

site in the nucleus where ribosomal RNA is synthesized according to instructions in the DNA

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20
Q

magnification

A

is the increase in an object’s image size compared with its actual size.

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21
Q

four basic groups of organelles and other structures of eukaryotic cells

A
  1. nucleus and ribosomes carry out the genetic control of the cell.
  2. Organelles involved in the manufacture, distribution, and breakdown of molecules include the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and peroxisomes.
  3. Mitochondria in all cells and chloroplasts in plant cells function in energy processing.
  4. Structural support, movement, and communication between cells are the functions of the cytoskeleton, plasma membrane, and plant cell wall.
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22
Q

the ER

A

is a membranous network of tubes and sacs.

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23
Q

smooth ER

A

synthesizes lipids and processes toxins.

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24
Q

rough ER

A

produces membranes, and ribosomes on its surface make membrane and secretory proteins.

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25
Q

the Golgi apparatus

A

consists of stacks of sacs in which products of the ER are processed and then sent to other organelles or to the cell surface.

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26
Q

lysosomes

A

house enzymes that break down ingested substances and damaged organelles.

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27
Q

vacuoles

A

are large vesicles that have a variety of functions.

-Some protists have contractile vacuoles.

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28
Q

central vacuole

A

vacuole in plant cells that stores molecules and wastes and facilitates growth.

29
Q

peroxisomes

A

are metabolic compartments that do not originate from the endomembrane system.

30
Q

mitochondria

A

are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells.

31
Q

2 internal compartments of mitochondria

A
  1. The intermembrane space is the narrow region between the inner and outer membranes.
  2. The mitochondrial matrix contains the mitochondrial DNA, ribosomes, and many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions of cellular respiration
32
Q

cellular respiration

A

A process that converts the chemical energy of food molecules to the chemical energy of ATP

33
Q

photosynthesis

A

is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules.

34
Q

chloroplasts

A

are the photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae.

35
Q

endosymbiont theory

A

states that mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small prokaryotes that began living within larger cells.

36
Q

cytoskeleton

A 
includes microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. Their functions include 
-maintenance of cell shape
-anchorage and movement of organelles
-amoeboid movement, and 
muscle contraction.
37
Q

Eukaryotic cilia and flagella

A

are locomotor appendages made of microtubules in a “9 + 2” arrangement.

38
Q

extracellular matrix

A
  • binds tissue cells together,
  • supports the plasma membrane
  • communicates with the cytoskeleton.
39
Q

3 types of animal cells

A
  • Tight junctions bind cells to form leakproof sheets.
  • Anchoring junctions rivet cells into strong tissues.
  • Gap junctions allow ions and small molecules to flow from cell to cell.
40
Q

plasmodesmata

A

allow plant tissues to share water, nourishment, and chemical messages.

41
Q

cell wall

A
  • protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright
  • is primarily composed of cellulose.
42
Q

Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four functions

A
  1. genetic control,
  2. manufacturing, distribution, and breakdown of materials,
  3. energy processing
  4. structural support, movement, and intercellular communication.
43
Q

what enables cells to survive and function

A

the plasma membrane and its proteins

44
Q

fluid mosaic model

A
  • biologists use to describe the membrane’s structure

- diverse protein molecules suspended in a fluid phospholipid bilayer.

45
Q

diffusion

A

is the tendency of particles to spread out evenly in an available space.

46
Q

passive transport

A

Diffusion across a cell membrane does not require energy

47
Q

osmosis

A

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

48
Q

tonicity

A

describes the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water.

49
Q

hypertonic solution

A

cells shrink

50
Q

hypotonic solution

A

cells swell

51
Q

isotonic solution

A

animal cells are normal, but plant cells are flaccid.

52
Q

hydrophobic substances

A

easily diffuse across a cell membrane

53
Q

polar or charged substances

A

do not diffuse easily across cell membranes

54
Q

facilitated diffusion

A
  • polar or charged substances move across membranes with the help of specific transport proteins
  • does not require energy
  • relies on the concentration gradient
55
Q

active transport

A
  • a cell must expend energy to move a solute against its concentration gradient.
  • The energy molecule ATP supplies the energy for most active transport.
56
Q

A cell uses two mechanisms to move large molecules across membranes.

A
  • ​Exocytosis is used to export bulky molecules, such as proteins or polysaccharides.
  • ​Endocytosis is used to take in large molecules.
57
Q

two kinds of endocytosis

A

​-Phagocytosis is the engulfment of a particle by the cell wrapping cell membrane around it, forming a vacuole.
​-Receptor-mediated endocytosis uses membrane receptors for specific solutes.

58
Q

kinetic energy

A

the energy of motion.

59
Q

potential energy

A

energy stored in the location or structure of matter and includes chemical energy.

60
Q

laws of thermodynamics

A
  • energy can change form but cannot be created or destroyed, and
  • energy transfers or transformations increase disorder, or entropy, with some energy being lost as heat.
61
Q

exergonic reactions

A

release energy.

62
Q

endergonic reactions

A

require energy and yield products rich in potential energy.

63
Q

metabolism encompasses…

A

all of a cell’s chemical reactions.

64
Q

ATP

A

powers nearly all forms of cellular work.

65
Q

enzymes

A

protein catalysts that decrease the activation energy needed to begin a reaction.

66
Q

competitive inhibitor

A

competes with the substrate for the active site.

67
Q

an enzyme’s substrate…

A

fits specifically in its active site.

68
Q

noncompetitive inhibitor

A

alters an enzyme’s function by changing its shape

69
Q

feedback inhibition

A

helps regulate metabolism.

Biology 101 (BIO 101) (8 decks)

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