Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 101 (BIO 101) > Chapters 15-17 > Flashcards

Chapters 15-17 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards Physics 101 flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards AP® Biology flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

when did earth form

A

about 4.6 billion years ago

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how first life may have evolved

A
  1. abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules, such as amino acids and nitrogenous bases
  2. joining of these small molecules into polymers, such as proteins and nucleic acids
  3. packaging of these molecules into “protocells”
  4. origin of self-replicating molecules that eventually made inheritance possible
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what does O2 tend to do?

A

As a strong oxidizing agent, O2 tends to disrupt chemical bonds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

next 3 stages of life

A
  1. Abiotic synthesis of polymers
  2. Formation of protocells
  3. Self-replicating RNA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

macroevolution

A

evolutionary change above the species level. encompasses…

  • the origin of a new group of organisms through a series of speciation events and
  • the impact of mass extinctions on the diversity of life and its subsequent recovery.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

radiometric dating

A
  • is based on the decay of radioactive isotopes (unstable forms of an element)
  • can date rocks and fossils.
  • carbon-14 decays to another element
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

plate tectonics

A

the theory that Earth’s crust is divided into giant, irregularly shaped plates that essentially float on the underlying mantle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

permian extinction

A

linked to the effects of extreme volcanic activity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

cretaceous extinction

A

included most dinosaurs. may have been caused by the impact of an asteroid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

adaptive radiations

A

periods of evolutionary change in which many new species evolve from a common ancestor.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

“evo-devo”

A

combines evolutionary and developmental biology.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

taxonomy

A

branch of biology concerned with identifying, naming, and classifying species.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

binomial

A

two-part scientific name

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

phylogeny

A

The evolutionary history of a species or group of species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

systematics

A

a discipline of biology that focuses on

  • classifying organisms
  • determining their evolutionary relationships.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

phylogenetic tree

A

a hypothesis of evolutionary relationships.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

analogy

A

Similarity due to convergent evolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

cladistics

A

groups organisms by common ancestry.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

clade

A

monophyletic group that consists of an ancestral species and all its evolutionary descendants—a distinct branch in the tree of life.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Cladistics two main types of characters

A
  1. A shared ancestral character

2. A shared derived character

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

shared ancestral character

A

common to members of a particular clade, but originated in an ancestor that is not a member of the clade.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

shared derived character

A

common to members of a particular clade and is not found in its ancestors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

parsimony

A

the adoption of the simplest explanation for observed phenomena.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

molecular systematics

A

uses DNA or other molecules to infer relatedness.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

molecular clock

A

a method that estimates the time required for a given amount of evolutionary change.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Earliest form of life

A

prokaryotes about 3.5 to 2 billion years ago

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

origin of single-celled eukaryotes

A

1.8 billion years ago. originated when prokaryotic cells became capable of aerobic respiration or photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

origin multicellular eukaryotes

A

1.2 billion years ago. larger organisms 600 million years ago.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

earth’s eon history

A

hadean, archaean, Proterozoic, and Phanerozoic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

paedomorphosis

A

the retention in the adult body of structures that were juvenile features in an ancestral species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

hierarchical classification of an animal

A

species -> genus -> family => orders => classes => phyla => kingdoms => domains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

taxon

A

each taxonomic unit at any level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

convergent evolution

A

occurs when similar environments and natural selection produce similar adaptations in organisms from different evolutionary lineages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

outgroup

A

a species from a lineage that is closely related to but not part of the group of species we are studying

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

horizontal gene transfer

A

a process in which genes are transferred from one genome to another through mechanisms such as plasmid exchange and viral infection.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

metagenomics

A

researchers collect samples from a particular environment, and isolate and sequence the DNA they contain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

microbiome

A

genomes of individual species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

microbiota

A

the community of microorganisms that live in and on our bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

pathogens

A

disease-causing agents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

cocci

A

spherical prokaryotic cells.

41
Q

streptococci

A

cocci that occur in chains

42
Q

bacilli

A

rod-shaped prokaryotes

43
Q

3 most common prokaryote cell shapes

A
  1. cocci
  2. bacilli
  3. spiral shape
    a. Relatively short and rigid cells called spirilla and
    b. Longer and more flexible cells called spirochetes.
44
Q

purpose of a cell wall

A
  • provides physical protection

- prevents the cell from bursting in a hypotonic environment

45
Q

Gram-positive bacteria

A

have simpler walls with a relatively thick layer of peptidoglycan

46
Q

peptidoglycan

A

a polymer of sugars cross-linked by short polypeptides

47
Q

gram-negative bacteria

A

less peptidoglycan and are more complex, with an outer membrane that contains lipids bonded to carbohydrates.
-often more toxic and more threatening

48
Q

fimbriae

A

hairlike projections that enable some prokaryotes to stick to a surface or to one another.

49
Q

endospore

A

a specialized resistant cell

50
Q

prokaryotic phototrophs

A

capture energy from sunlight

51
Q

chemotrophs

A

prokaryotes that harness the energy stored in chemicals, either organic or inorganic chemicals

52
Q

autotrophic

A

when organisms make their own organic compounds

53
Q

autotrophs

A

prokaryotes that obtain their carbon atoms from carbon dioxide

54
Q

photoautotrophs

A

prokaryotes that harness sunlight for energy and use C0(2) for carbon

55
Q

photoheterotrophs

A

prokaryotes that obtain energy from sunlight but get their carbon atoms from organic sources

56
Q

chemoautotrophs

A

prokaryotes that harvest energy from inorganic chemicals and use carbon from C0(2) to make organic molecules.

57
Q

chemoheterotrophs

A

prokaryotes that acquire both energy and carbon from organic molecules

58
Q

biofilms

A

highly organized colonies of prokaryotes

59
Q

bioremediation

A

use of organisms to remove pollutants from the soil, air, or water.

60
Q

extreme halophiles

A

archaea that thrive in very salty places

61
Q

extreme thermophiles

A

archaea that thrive in very hot water

62
Q

methanogens

A

archaea that live in anaerobic environments and give of methane as a waste product.

63
Q

proteobacteria

A

bacteria all gram-negative and share a particular rRNA sequence.

64
Q

symbiosis

A

a close association between organisms of two or more species

65
Q

cyanobacteria

A

the only group of prokaryotes with plantlike, oxygen-generating photosynthesis.

66
Q

chlamydias

A

live inside eukaryotic host cells.

67
Q

five groups bacteria

A

-proteobacteria
-gram-positive bacteria
cyanobacteria
-chlamydias
-spirochetes

68
Q

spirochetes

A

helical bacteria that spiral through their environment by means of rotating, internal filaments. include notorious pathogens

69
Q

exotoxins

A

proteins that bacterial cells secrete into their environment

70
Q

endotoxins

A

lipid components of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria that are released when the cell dies or is digested by a defensive cell.

71
Q

protists

A

diverse collection of mostly unicellular eukaryotes

72
Q

SAR

A

largest and most diverse supergroup of eukaryotes. Protist clades Stramenopila, Alveolata, and Rhizaria.

73
Q

diatoms

A

unicellular algae that are one of the most important photosynthetic organisms on Earth

74
Q

charophytes

A

photosynthetic eukaryotes. plants and green algae

75
Q

how do plants maintain moisture?

A

C0(2) and O(2) diffuse across leaf surfaces through stomata (tiny pores)

76
Q

apical meristems

A

growth-producing regions of cell division

77
Q

vascular tissue

A

a network of thick-walled cells joined into narrow tubes that extend throughout the plant body.

78
Q

two types of vascular tissue

A

xylem and phloem

79
Q

xylem

A

include dead cells that form microscopic pipes conveying water and minerals up from the roots

80
Q

phloem

A

consists entirely of living cells. distributes sugars throughout the plants

81
Q

lignin

A

thickens and reinforces the cell walls of some plant tissues

82
Q

gametangia

A

gametes in male and female structures

83
Q

pollen grains

A

structures that contain the sperm-producing cells

84
Q

seed

A

consists of an embryo packaged with a food supply within a protective covering

85
Q

alternation of generations

A

the diploid and haploid stages are distinct, multicellular bodies

86
Q

gametophyte

A

haploid generation of a plant produces gametes

87
Q

sporophyte

A

diploid generation produces spores

88
Q

pollination

A

when a pollen grain lands on a compatible female structure, it undergoes mitosis to produce a sperm

89
Q

fruit

A

ripened ovary of a flower

90
Q

hyphae

A

feeding structures of a fungus that are a network of threadlike filaments

91
Q

mycorrhiza

A

symbiosis between fungi and plant roots

92
Q

mold

A

any rapidly growing fungus that reproduces asexually by producing spores

93
Q

yeast

A

any single-celled fungus

94
Q

lichens

A

symbiotic associations of millions of microscopic green algae or cyanobacteria held in a mass of fungal hyphae

95
Q

what opportunities did life on land offer adaptations?

A
  • bright and abundant sunlight,
  • abundant atmospheric CO2,
  • initially, few pathogens or plant-eating animals.
96
Q

disadvantages that life on land had

A
  • maintain moisture inside their cells,
  • support the body in a nonbuoyant medium,
  • reproduce and disperse offspring without water,
  • anchor their bodies in soil
  • obtain resources from soil and air.
97
Q

Three key events occurred in the history of the plant kingdom.

A
  1. Origin of land plants
  2. Origin of vascular plants
  3. Origin of seed plants
98
Q

bryophytes

A

include mosses, hornworts, and liverworts

Biology 101 (BIO 101) (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions