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Biology 101 (BIO 101) > Chapter 18-19 > Flashcards

Chapter 18-19 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are animals

A

multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes that obtain nutrients by ingestion.

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2
Q

animal cells

A
  • distinctive structures and specializations
  • lack cell walls
  • held together by extracellular structural proteins
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3
Q

lineage that gave rise to animals

A

-diverged from flagellated unikont ancestor about 770 million years ago

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4
Q

when did animal diversification accelerate?

A

535-525 million years ago during the Cambrian period. Cambrian explosion.

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5
Q

vertebrates

A
  • only 1 phylum

- animals with a backbone

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6
Q

invertebrates

A
  • around 96% of all animals

- animals that lack a backbone

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7
Q

Animal body plans vary in

A
  • symmetry
  • presence of true tissues
  • number of embryonic layers
  • presence of a body cavity
  • details of their embryonic development
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8
Q

eumetazoa clade

A

“true animals.” animals with tissues

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9
Q

bilateria clade

A

branch of eumetazoa. animals with bilateral symmetry

-three main lineages: Lophotrochozoa, Ecdysozoa, Deuterostomia

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10
Q

Lophotrochozoa

A

flatworms, molluscs, annelids

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11
Q

Ecdysozoa

A

nematodes and arthropods

-have external skeletons that must be shed for the animal to grow

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12
Q

Deuterostomia

A

echinoderms and chordates

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13
Q

sponges

A
  • are simple animals
  • do not have true tissues
  • usually lack body symmetry
  • are usually marine, although some are found in fresh water.
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14
Q

choanocytes

A

flagellated “collar” cells that make up the inner cell layer in sponges that help to sweep water through the sponge’s body.

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15
Q

suspension feeders

A

animals that collect food particles from water passed through some type of food-trapping equipment
-sponges

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16
Q

cnidarians

A
  • branch of eumetazoans
  • hydras, sea anemones, corals, and jellies
  • characterized by raidal symmetry and bodies arising from only 2 tissue layers.
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17
Q

polyp

A
  • body form of cnidarians

- hydras and sea anemones have cylindrical body with tentacles projecting rom one end

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18
Q

medusa

A
  • body form of cnidarians
  • marine jelly
  • move freely about in the water
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19
Q

cnidocytes

A

stinging cells of Phylum Cnidaria.

-function in defense and in capturing prey

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20
Q

flatworms/phylum platyhelminthes

A
  • belong to lophotrochozoan
  • bilateral symmetry and three tissue layers
  • three main groups: free-living flatworms, flukes, tapeworms
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21
Q

flukes

A

live as parasites in other animals

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22
Q

tape worms

A

parasitic group of flatworms. inhabit the digestive tracts of vertebrates

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23
Q

roundworms/nematodes

A
  • bilateral symmetry
  • three tissue layers
  • have a fluid-filled body cavity
  • a digestive tract with 2 openings
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24
Q

molluscs

A

snails, slugs, oysters, clams, octopuses, and squids

  • soft-bodied animals, but most protected by a hard shell
  • a muscular foot, which functions in locomotion,
  • a visceral mass containing most of the internal organs,
  • a mantle, which may secrete a shell that encloses the visceral mass
  • a circulatory system.
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25
Q

gastropods

A

largest group of molluscs

  • only molluscs that live on land
  • protected by a single, spiral shell into which the animal can retreat when threatened
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26
Q

bivalves

A

group of molluscs

  • clams, oysters, mussels, and scallops
  • shells divided into two halves that are hinged together
  • most suspension feeders
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27
Q

cephalopods

A

group of molluscs

-adapted to lifestyle of fast, agile predators

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28
Q

segmentation

A

the subdivision of the body along the length into a series of repeated parts

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29
Q

annelids

A

segmented worms

  • clades errantians and sedentarians
  • segmentation, the subdivision of the body along its length into -a series of repeated parts,
  • a nervous system, and
  • a closed circulatory system in which blood remains enclosed in vessels throughout the body.
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30
Q

erratians

A
  • clade of annelids

- marine and may have an active, mobile lifestyle

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31
Q

sedentarians

A
  • clade of annelids
  • less mobile than errantia
  • include earthworms, many tube-dwellers, and leeches
32
Q

arthropods

A
  • crayfish, lobsters, crabs, barnacles, spiders, ticks, and insects
  • have jointed appendages and an exoskeleton
33
Q

chelicerates

A

group of arthropods

  • bodies consist of cephalothorax and an abdomen, and lack atennae
  • most are arachnids
34
Q

arachnids

A

scorpions, spiders, ticks, and mites

35
Q

myriapods

A

group of arthropods

-millipedes and centipedes

36
Q

pancrustaceans

A

group of arthropods

  • crustaceans and insects. nearly all aquatic
  • lobsters, crayfish, barnacles, crabs, and shrimps
37
Q

echinoderms

A

sea stars, sand dollars, and sea urchins

  • slow-moving or sessile marine animals
  • an endoskeleton of hard calcium-containing plates under a thin skin,
  • a water vascular system based on a network of water-filled canals that branch into extensions called tube feet
  • the ability to regenerate lost arms.
38
Q

chordata

A
  • invertebrates
  • possess a dorsal, hollow nerve cord, a notochord, pharyngeal slits, and post-anal tail.
  • a dorsal, hollow nerve cord
  • a flexible, supportive, longitudinal rod
  • the notochord,
  • pharyngeal slits
  • a muscular post-anal tail.
39
Q

Biologists make hypotheses about the phylogeny of animal groups using evidence from

A
  • body plane characteristics
  • the fossil record
  • molecular data, chiefly DNA sequences.
40
Q

Tunicates and lancelets

A
  • do not have a backbone

- use their pharyngeal slits for suspension feeding.

41
Q

Lancelets

A

small, bladelike chordates that live in marine sands.

42
Q

tetrapods

A
  • jawed vertebrates with limbs and feet that can support weight on land.
  • first vertebrates on land
43
Q

what completed the transition to land

A

amniotes, tetrapods with a terrestrially adapted egg

44
Q

Hagfishes and lampreys

A
  • have rudimentary vertebrae
  • have a notochord for the body’s main support
  • lack hinged jaws and paired fins.
45
Q

hagfishes

A

deep-sea scavengers that produce slime as an antipredator defense.

46
Q

lamprey

A

parasites that penetrate the sides of fishes with their rasping tongues.

47
Q

jawed vertebrates

A
  • appeared in the fossil record about 440 million years ago

- diversified, using their paired fins and tail to chase a wide variety of prey.

48
Q

how did jaws possibly evolve

A

by modifications of skeletal supports of the anterior pharyngeal (gill) slits.

49
Q

3 lineages of jawed vertebrates

A

gills and paired fins are commonly called fishes:

  • chondrichthyans
  • ray-finned fishes
  • lobe-finned fishes
50
Q

chondrichthyans

A
  • sharks and rays

- have a flexible skeleton made primarily of cartilage

51
Q

ray-finned fishes

A
  • tuna, trout, andgoldfish

- have a skeleton made of bone

52
Q

lobe-finned fishes,

A
  • coelacanths and lungfishes

- have a series of rod-shaped bones in their muscular pectoral and pelvic fins.

53
Q

when did tetrapods arise?

A

During the late Devonian, a line of lobe-finned fishes gave rise to tetrapods
-All subsequent groups of vertebrates, amphibians, mammals, and reptiles (including birds) are descendants of these early land-dwellers

54
Q

amphibians

A
  • include salamanders, frogs, and caecilians
  • use their moist skins to supplement their lungs for gas exchange
  • often have poison glands in their skins
  • usually lay their eggs in water
  • undergo metamorphosis from a larval stage to the adult form
  • were the first tetrapods to colonize land.
55
Q

amniotes

A

tetrapods with a terrestrially adapted egg

  • reptiles, birds, mammals
  • The major derived character of this clade is an amniotic egg
56
Q

amniotic egg

A
  • four internal membranes.
  • The amnion is a fluid-filled sac surrounding the embryo.
  • The yolk sac contains a rich store of nutrients for the developing embryo.
  • The chorion (and allantois) enable the embryo to obtain oxygen from the air and dispose of carbon dioxide.
  • The allantois also helps dispose of metabolic waste.
57
Q

reptiles

A
  • include lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodilians, birds, and extinct dinosaurs
  • have a skin covered with scales and waterproofed with keratin
  • obtain most of their oxygen using lungs
  • are ectothermic
58
Q

ectothermic

A

absorbing external heat rather than generating much of their own.

59
Q

endothermic

A

using heat generated by metabolism to maintain a warm, steady body temperature.

60
Q

what did birds evolved from

A

a lineage of small, two-legged dinosaurs called theropods.

61
Q

oldest, most primitive known bird

A

Archaeopteryx, 150 million years old

62
Q

mammals

A
  • endothermic amniotes
  • have hair, which insulates their bodies
  • mammary glands, which produce milk.
  • efficient respiratory and circulatory systems that support their high rate of metabolism
  • teeth are differentiated for many kinds of diets.
63
Q

monotremes

A

egg-laying mammals.

64
Q

marsupials

A

have a brief gestation and give birth to tiny, embryonic offspring that complete development while attached to the mother’s nipples.

65
Q

eutherians (placental mammals)

A

bear fully developed live young.

66
Q

primates

A

-had evolved as small arboreal mammals by 65 million years ago
-characters include
limber joints
-grasping hands and feet with flexible digits
-a short snout
-forward-pointing eyes that enhance depth perception.

67
Q

primate 3 groups

A
  • lemurs, lorises, and bush babies
  • tarsiers
  • anthropoids, including monkeys and apes.
68
Q

when did anthropoids begin diverging from other primates

A

about 55 million years ago.

69
Q

Paleoanthropology

A

the study of human origins and evolution

70
Q

genus Homo

A

includes hominins with larger brains and evidence of tool use.

71
Q

homo ergaster

A

had a larger brain than H. habilis.

72
Q

H. erectus

A

with a larger brain than H. ergaster, was the first hominin to spread out of Africa.

73
Q

homo neanderthalensis

A

had a brain even larger than ours and hunted big game with tools made from stone and wood.

74
Q

oldest known fossils with the definitive characteristics of our own species

A
  • were discovered in Ethiopia

- are 160,000 and 195,000 years old.

75
Q

old world monkeys

A
  • Many arboreal, but some grounddwelling
  • Nostrils open downward
  • Lack prehensiletail
76
Q

new world monkeys

A
  • All arboreal
  • Nostrils open toside; far apart
  • Many have a long, prehensile (grasping) tail

Biology 101 (BIO 101) (8 decks)

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