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Biology 101 (BIO 101) > Chapters 1-3 > Flashcards

Chapters 1-3 Flashcards

1
Q

Biology

A

the scientific study of life

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2
Q

Properties of life

A
  1. order
  2. reproduction
  3. growth and development
  4. energy processing
  5. regulation
  6. response to the environment
  7. evolutionary adaptation.
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3
Q

Cell

A

structural and functional unit of life

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4
Q

Taxonomists

A

name species and classify them into broader groups.

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5
Q

Domain groups

A

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

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6
Q

Bacteria and Archaea domains

A

Contain organisms with simple cells

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7
Q

Domain Eukarya

A

various protists and the kingdoms Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia

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8
Q

Emergent properties

A

result from the specific arrangement and interactions among component parts.

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9
Q

Structural levels of biology

A

Biosphere -> ecosystem -> community -> population -> organism -> organs and organ system -> tissue -> cell -> organelle -> molecule

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10
Q

Science

A

is a way of knowing—an approach to understanding the natural world.

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11
Q

Scientific approach

A

involves observations, hypotheses, predictions, tests of hypotheses via experiments or additional observations, and analysis of data.

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12
Q

Scientific theory

A

is broad in scope and supported by a large body of evidence.

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13
Q

Independent variable

A

The factor that is manipulated in experiment

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14
Q

Dependent variable

A

The measure used to judge the outcome of the experiment

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15
Q

Controlled experiment

A

compares an experimental group with a control group.

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16
Q

Endeavor of science

A

influenced by three spheres:

  1. exploration and discovery
  2. analysis and feedback from the scientific community
  3. societal benefits and outcomes.
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17
Q

Goal of technology

A

apply scientific knowledge for some specific purpose.

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18
Q

Goal of science

A

understand natural phenomena.

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19
Q

Natural selection

A

Unequal reproductive success leads to evolution of adaptations in populations

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20
Q

Artificial selection

A

Selective breeding of plants and animals.

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21
Q

DNA functions

A

responsible for heredity and for programming the activities of a cell by providing the blueprint for proteins.

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22
Q

Energy flows…

A

through an ecosystem in one direction

  1. entering as sunlight
  2. converted to chemical energy by producers
  3. passed on to consumers
  4. exiting as heat.
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23
Q

What are ecosystems characterized by?

A

the cycling of matter

  1. from the atmosphere and soil,
  2. through producers, consumers, and decomposers,
  3. then back to the environment.
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24
Q

Systems biology

A

Where scientists attempt to model the behavior of biological systems by analyzing the interactions among their parts

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25
Q

Mitosis

A

Cell division that results in two daughter cells that have the same number of chromosomes.

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26
Q

Apotosis

A

When cells kill themselves to prevent over mitotic division

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27
Q

Data

A

Recorded observations

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28
Q

Qualitative Data

A

Recorded descriptions

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29
Q

Quantitative data

A

Frequency and duration of specific behaviors. Frequently numerical and measurements.

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30
Q

Hypothesis

A

Proposed explanation for a set of observations, and it leads to predictions that it can be tested by making additional observations or by performing experiments

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31
Q

Experiment

A

A scientific test

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32
Q

Evolution

A

Scientific explanation for unity and diversity.

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33
Q

How might a chemical compound in the air harm coral reefs?

A

When carbon dioxide (CO2) dissolves in water, it reacts with water to form an acid, which then makes the water more acidic.

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34
Q

How many elements are essential for human life?

A
  1. Four make up 96% of weight of most living organismsm.
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35
Q

Compound

A

substance consisting of two or more different elements in a fixed ratio.

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36
Q

Why are some trace elements required?

A

to prevent disease. Examples: iodine, fluoride

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37
Q

Atom

A

the smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element.

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38
Q

Mass number

A

the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. Atomic mass approximately equal to this.

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39
Q

Isotopes

A

Element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

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40
Q

Why are radioactive isotopes helpful?

A

Useful as tracers for monitoring the fate of atoms in living organisms.

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41
Q

Where are electrons located?

A

in different electron shells, each with a characteristic distance from the nucleus.

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42
Q

Chemical bonds

A

an attraction that results from an atom whose outer electron shell is not full interacts with other atoms and share, gain, or lose electrons,

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43
Q

Nonpolar covalent bond

A

electrons are shared equally.

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44
Q

Polar covalent bond

A

electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom.

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45
Q

Ion

A

atom or molecule with an electrical charge resulting from gain or loss of one or more electrons.

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46
Q

Ionic bond

A

When attraction holds together two ions with opposite charges.

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47
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

The hydrogen atoms of a water molecule are attached to oxygen by polar covalent bonds. Is a polar molecule

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48
Q

Chemical reaction

A

The composition of matter is changed as bonds are broken and formed to convert reactants to products.

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49
Q

Cohesion

A

The tendency of molecules of the same kind to stick together

50
Q

Adhesion

A

The tendency of two kinds of molecules to stick together

51
Q

Surface tension

A

measure of how difficult it is to break the surface of a liquid.

52
Q

Evaporative cooling

A

When a substance evaporates, the surface of the liquid that remains behind cools down

53
Q

Solution

A

a liquid consisting of a uniform mixture of two or more substances.

54
Q

Buffer

A

minimizes changes in pH.

55
Q

Ocean acidification

A

When CO2 dissolved in seawater lowers the pH of the ocean

56
Q

Matter

A

Anything that occupies space and has mass.

57
Q

Radioactive isotope

A

An isotope where the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particles and energy.

58
Q

Covalent bond

A

Atoms do not transfer electrons but share electrons between them.

59
Q

Electronegativity

A

Measure of an atom’s attraction for shared electrons.

60
Q

Thermal energy

A

Energy associated with the random movement of atoms and molecules.

61
Q

Heat

A

Thermal energy in transfer from a warmer to a cooler body.

62
Q

Temperature

A

Measures the intensity of heat.

63
Q

Solute

A

Substance that is dissolved in a liquid

64
Q

Solvent

A

The dissolving agent in a solution

65
Q

Acid

A

substance that donates hydrogen ions to solutions

66
Q

Base

A

Substance that reduces the hydrogen concentration of a solution.

67
Q

4 carbon-containing molecules in humans

A

Lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids

68
Q

CHNOPS - most important inorganic materials

A

carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur

69
Q

Exothermic

A

release heat

70
Q

endothermic

A

absorb heat

71
Q

Isomers

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangement.

72
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

Molecules composed of only carbon and hydrogen.

73
Q

What does an organic compound’s properties depend on

A

size and shape of its carbon backbone and atoms attached to that skeleton

74
Q

Hydrophilic functional groups

A

Water-loving. give organic molecules specific chemical properties. First five of the six chemical groups - hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino group, and phosphate group.

75
Q

Monomers

A

The building blocks of polymers

76
Q

dehydration reactions

A

How monomers are linked together to form polymers. Reaction removes a molecules of water as two molecules become bonded together. Reaction mediated by enzymes.

77
Q

monosaccharides

A

Sugar monomers. simple sugars. Main fuel for cellular work.

78
Q

disaccharide

A

Formed when two monosaccharides (monomers) bond in a dehydration reaction. Sucrose most common (fructose + glucose)

79
Q

Cellulose

A

Tough walls that enclose plant walls. Polymer of glucose

80
Q

Chitin

A

Polysaccharide. component of insect exoskeletons and fungal cell walls. a protein

81
Q

Lipids

A

Fats. are diverse hydrophobic compounds composed largely of carbon and hydrogen. Do not mix well with water.

82
Q

Fats (triglycerides)

A

Large lipid made from two kinds of smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids.

83
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids

A

fatty acids that contain one or more double bonds. Plant oils

84
Q

Saturated fatty acids

A

Fats with the maximum number of hydrogen atoms. Animal fats.

85
Q

Phospholipids

A

Components of cell membrane. Part of phospholipid bilayer.

86
Q

Steroids

A

include cholesterol and some hormones.

87
Q

Cholesterol

A

common component in animal cell membranes and is also the precursor for making other steroids, including sex hormones.

88
Q

Anabolic steroids

A

synthetic variants of the male hormone testosterone that are abused by some athletes with serious consequences.

89
Q

Protein functions

A
  1. enzymes,
  2. transport proteins embedded in cell membranes,
  3. defensive proteins, such as antibodies,
  4. signal proteins such as many hormones,
  5. receptor proteins,
  6. contractile proteins found within muscle cells,
  7. structural proteins such as collagen, and
  8. storage proteins.
90
Q

Denaturation

A

a protein unravels, loses its specific shape, and loses its function.

91
Q

Proteins

A

are made from amino acids linked by peptide bonds. end -in

92
Q

Peptide bond

A

When amino acid monomers link together in a dehydration reaction, joining the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of the next amino acid

93
Q

polypeptide

A

a chain of amino acids

94
Q

Protein four levels of structure

A
  1. primary: sequence of amino acids in its polypeptide chain.
  2. secondary: coiling or folding of the chain, stabilized by hydrogen bonds. Alpha helix OR beta pleated sheet.
  3. tertiary: result from interactions among R groups. 1 alpha helix added with 1 beta pleated sheet
  4. quaternary: Proteins made of more than one polypeptide. 2 alpha helix + 2 beta pleated sheets
95
Q

Nucleotides

A

monomers that make up nucleic acids. are composed of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

96
Q

Organic compounds

A

Carbon-based molecules. Usually contain hydrogen bonds in addition to carbon.

97
Q

Hydroxyl group

A

Made of a hydrogen atom bonded to an oxygen atom. i.e. ethanol

98
Q

Carbonyl group

A

Carbon atom linked by double bond to an oxygen atom. Simple sugars

99
Q

Carboxyl group

A

Carbon double-bonded to an oxygen atom and a hydroxyl group. Act as an acid by contributing H+ to a solution.

100
Q

Carboxylic acids

A

Compounds with carboxyl groups

101
Q

Animo group

A

Nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. Act as base by picking up H+ atom from solution and becoming ionized.

102
Q

Amines

A

Organic compounds with an amino group.

103
Q

Amino acid

A

Building blocks of proteins. Contain an amino and a carboxyl group. Monomers that contain an amino group, carboxyl group, an H atom, and an R group with central carbon atom

104
Q

Phosphate group

A

Phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms.

105
Q

Organic phsophates

A

Compounds with phosphate groups. Often involved in energy transfers

106
Q

Methyl group

A

Carbon bonded to three hydrogen atoms. DNA

107
Q

Macromolecules

A

Carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids. Huge molecules made from polymers

108
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Reverse of dehydration reaction. Polymers are broken apart by adding water

109
Q

Enzymes

A

Specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions in cells. End in -ase

110
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Macromolecules, polymers of hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides linked together by dehydration reactions. Function as storage molecules or as structural compounds - starch, glycogen, cellulose

111
Q

Starch

A

Storage polysaccharide in plants. Made from glucose monomers

112
Q

Glycogen

A

Storage polysaccharide in animals.

113
Q

Gene

A

Amino acid sequence of a polypeptide that is programmed by a discrete unit of inheritance

114
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid. Nucleotides adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine.

115
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

DNA and RNA

116
Q

DNA transfer

A

DNA -> transcription -> mRNA message -> translation -> sequence of amino acids (primary protein)

117
Q

Structural isomer

A

Different covalent partnerships between atoms

118
Q

Geometric isomer

A

Cross. Vary in arrangement of atoms around a double bond

119
Q

Enantiomer isomer

A

Molecules which are mirror images of each other

120
Q

Lactose

A

Galactose and glucose

121
Q

Maltose

A

Glucose and glucose

Biology 101 (BIO 101) (8 decks)

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