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Microbiology > CHAPTERS 4, 5, 6 > Flashcards

CHAPTERS 4, 5, 6 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

NEURAMIDASE

A

SPIKE PROTEIN THAT REMOVES ENVELOPE FROM VIRION ALLOWING TO MERGE W THE HOST’S CELL MEMBRANE, DEPOSITING NUCLEIC ACID + PROTEIN INSIDE HOST CELL

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2
Q

ARCHAEA

A
  • PROKARYOTE
  • UNICELLULAR
  • METABOLISM IS SIMILAR TO BACTERIA’S
  • PROTEINS USED FOR TRANSCRIPTION + TRANSLATION SIMILAR TO EUKARYOTE’S
    -METHANOGENS
  • EXTREMOPHILES
    -PSEUDOMUREIN
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3
Q

ARCHAEAL MEMBRANES

A

-GLYCEROL MOLECULE
- ISOPRENE UNITS
- ETHER LINKAGE
-PHOSPOLID MONOLAYER + BILAYER

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4
Q

BILAYER ONLY IN ARCHAEA

A

-MODERATE CONDITIONS

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5
Q

MONO + BILAYER IN ARCHAEA

A

MIDDLE GROUND

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6
Q

MONO LAYER ONLY IN ARCHAEA

A

EXTREME CONDITIONS

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7
Q

ARCHAEAL ENVELOPE

A

-CELL MEMBRANE
-PSEUDOMUREIN + (BETA 1,3 GLYCOSIDIC BOND)
- S-LAYER
-CAPSULES
-SLIME LAYER
-PROTEIN SHEATH
- METHANOCHINDROITIN

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8
Q

EUAKRYOTES

A

FUNGI + PROTISTS
- SIMPLER CELL WALL
- HAVE FLAGELLA
- CILIA

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9
Q

FUNGI

A
  • CAN BE PATHOGENIC TO THE IMMUNOCOMPROMISED
  • DECOMPOSERS
  • SIMPLE CELL WALL - CHITIN
  • SPORES ARE FOR REPLICATION
  • INDUSTRIAL IMPORTANCE
  • LOOK LKE COLONIES

YEAST - UNICELLULAR (SINGLE CELLED)
+
MOLD - MULTICELLULAR

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10
Q

6 MAJOR FUNGAL GROUPS

A

1) CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA
2) ZYGOMYCOTA
3) GLOMEROMYCOTA
4) ASCOMYCOTA
5) BASIDIOMYCOTA
6) MICROSPORIDIA - NO SPORES

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11
Q

MYCORRZHIAE

A
  • FUNGI
  • SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP = HELPS GRASS GROW
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12
Q

HOW DO FUNGI DECOMPOSE THINGS

A

1- RELEASE ENZYMES
2 - BREAK IT DOWN
3 - ABSORP NUTRIENTS

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13
Q

INDUSTRIAL IMPORTANCE (5)

A
  • FERMENTATION
  • ORGANIC ACIDS
  • CERTAIN DRUGS
  • ANTIBIOTICS
  • IMMUNOSUPRESSIVE AGENTSM- CYCLOSPORIN
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14
Q

CHITIN - FUNGI

A

WEAK CELL WALL

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15
Q

MOLD - FUNGI

A
  • HYPHAE
  • TALLUS
    -MULTICELLULAR
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16
Q

HYPHAE PRESENT IN?

A

FUNGI - MOLD
‘
SEPTATED - PORES AND ONE NUCLEUS PER SEPARATION

ASEPTATED - ALL NUCLEI TOGETHER

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17
Q

FUNGAL PATHOGENS

A

1- RHIZOPUS STOLONIFER - BLACK BREAD MOLD
2- RHIZOPUS BURKHOLDERIA SYMBIOSIS - RICE BACTERIUM
3- ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS - ALLERGIES + PATHOGEN

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18
Q

MYCOSES

A

FUNGAL INFECTION
EX: TINEA
- 5 TYPES

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19
Q

5 TYPES OF MYCOSES

A

1- SUPERFICIAL
2-CUTANEOUS
3- SUBCUTANEOUS
4- SYSTEMIC ( HIGHEST MORTALITY RATE)
5 - OPPORTUNISTIC

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20
Q

CANDIDA ALBICANS

A

OPPORTUNISTIC FUNGIM- YEAST INFECTION

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21
Q

dimorphic fungi (2)

A

room temp: mold

body temp: yeast

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22
Q

Cryptococcosis Neoformans

A
  • yeast - from birds droppings
  • systemic mycosis
  • can cause meningitis + pneumonia
  • grows in bird seed agar
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23
Q

Nosocomial infections

A
  • get in in hospital setting
  • 10% are in the bloodstream
  • 50% of mortality rate
  • most infections involve skin + mucous membrane

C. auris, albicans, glabrata

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24
Q

Amebiasis (Amoebic Dysentery)

A
  • caused by Entamoeba histolytica - part of microbiome
  • spreads through a cyst
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25
Q

amoebic cyst

A

-dormant
- 1 cyst = many amoebas
- exit through diarrhea
- asymptomatic
- appendicitis

26
Q

MALARIA

A

-APICOMPLEXA = PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM
- VECTOR: MOSQUITOES
-

27
Q

MALARIA’S LIFE CYLE

A
  • COMPLETE INSIDE MOSQUITO

3 STEPS:
1) SPOROZOITE: LIKE A WARM MOVES TO LIVER
2) MEROZOITE: EXITS LIVER
3) ENTERS RED BLOOD CELLS & CREATED A RING AND REPLICATES
GAMETOCYTES - EGG THAT MOSQUITO GETS
BURST AND PRODUCES FEVER

28
Q

PYROTHERAPY

A
  • HEAT THERAPY
  • DR. JULIUS WAGNER-JAUREGG
  • GIVES MALARIA TO SYPHILIS PATIENTS
29
Q

SYPHILIS TREATMENT

A

-PYROTHERAPY
-ARSENIC
-SAUNA
-PENICILLIN

30
Q

AFRICAN SLEEPING SICKNESS

A

-TRYPANOSOMA BRUCEI - APICOMPLEXA
- RESERVOIR: CATTLE + WILD ANIMALS
- VSG SWITCHING = EXCESS ANTIGEN PUTS PTS TO SLEEP

31
Q

VSG SWITCHING

A

ANTIGENIC VARIATION
- ONCE BODY RECOGNIZES ONE ANTIGEN - PATHOGEN WILL CHANGE CUASING AN EXCESS OF ANTIGEN NOT USED

32
Q

TOXOPLASMOSIS

A
  • TOXOPLASMA GONDII - APICOMPLEXA
    RESERVOIR: RODENTS, BIRDS, SMALL MAMMALS
  • PREGNANTS THINGY
  • FECAL-ORAL TRANSMISSION
  • ASYMPTOMATIC OR RESEMBLES MONO
    TACHYZOITES -CROSS THE PLACENTA AND CAUSE MUTATIONS/DEATH
33
Q

ACELLULAR MICROBES

A

VIRUS
VIROIDS
SATELLITES
PRIONS

34
Q

VIRUS

A
  • NUCLEIC ACID (RNA OR DNA)
    -PROTEIN COAT
  • MAY HAVE ENVELOPE
  • VIRION: COMPLETE CELL PARTICLE - OUTSIDE HOST CELL
35
Q

VIRION

A

-COMPLETE VIRAL PARTICLE
-OUTSIDE CELL
-SIZE: 10-400 NANO
-2 TYPES: NAKED + ENVELOPED

36
Q

NAKED VIRION

A

NUCLEIC ACID + PROTEIN COAT
- HOST CELL DIES ONCE RELEASED

37
Q

ENVELOPED VIRION

A
  • NUCLEIC ACID + PROTEIN + ENVELOPE (COMES FROM HOST’S CELL MEMBRANE)
  • HAS SPIKE PROTEINS = DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS
    ATTACHMENT (recognize receptors) + IDENTIFICATION (version of spikes)
38
Q

INFLUENZA

A
  • ENVELOPED VIRUS

SPIKE PROTEINS**
1) HEMAGGLUTININ - HELPS W/ ATTACHMENT + RECOGNIZE RECEPTORS
2) NEURAMIDASE - ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY (removes the envelope allowing nucleic acid + protein to enter host cell)

39
Q

not all viruses + virions have an envelope

A

TRUE

40
Q

VIRION RELEASE (in to outside host cell) WHEN NONENVELOPED

A

-LYSES THE HOST

41
Q

VIRION RELEASE WHEN ENVELOPED

A

BUDDING - NUCLEIC ACID + PROTEIN

TAKE A PIECE OF THE HOST’S CELL MEMBRANE

42
Q

PHAGE VIRAL REPLICATION

A

1- ATTACHMENT W/SPECIFICITY OR TROPISM
NO ENVELOPE
2- DIRECTLY ENTERS THE CELL - ONLY GIVES NUCLEIC ACID
3- SYNTHESIS - making what it needs
4 - ASSEMBLY
5 - RELEASE

43
Q

MAMMALIAN VIRUSES

A

1- ATTACHMENT - to host cell w/ tropism
enveloped**
2- ENVELOPE FUSES W/ HOSTS PLASMA MEMBRANE
2.1 - protein coat + n. acid enters host cell
2.2 - uncoat n. acid
3- synthesis
4- assembly
5 - release - budding

44
Q

Viral Tropism

A

viral specificity

45
Q

4 TYPES OF VIRAL INFECTIONS IN EUKARYOTIC CELLS

A

1- CYTOCIDAL
2- RESISTANT
3- LATENT
4- TRANSFORMATION

46
Q

CYTOCIDAL

A

-VIRUS IN EUKARYOTES
-HIV BECOMES AIDS BC KILLED CD4 - TCELLS

-CELL KILLER

47
Q

PERSISTENT

A
  • VIRAL INFECTION IN EUKARYOTE
  • STAYS LONGER PERIODS
  • EBV/MONO INTO BURKITT’S LYMPHOMA
  • VIRAL SHEDDING
48
Q

LATENT

A

-VIRAL INFECTION IN EUKARYOTE
- VARICELLA (CHICKENPOX) INTO SHINGLES

49
Q

TRANSFORMATIONAL

A

-VIRAL INFECTION IN EUKARYOTES
- HPV INTO CERVICAL CANCER

50
Q

DNA GENOME

A
  • LINEAR + CIRCULAR
  • ssDNA
  • dsDNA
51
Q

RNA GENOME

A
  • ssDNA
  • dsDNA

-RETROVIRUSES
-SEGMENTED VIRUSES

52
Q

RETROVIRUSES

A

-RNA TO DNA
EX: HIV bc it has reverse transcriptase

53
Q

SEGMENTED VIRUSES

A

-RNA VIRUSES
-MOST DANGEROUS
-ERROR PRONE
- CAUSE PANDEMICS MULTIPLE PIECES OF NUCLEIC ACID

54
Q

RNA VIRUSES MUTATE QUICKER

A

TRUE

55
Q

TEMPERATE PHAGE

A

1) LYTIC - KILL

2) LYSOGENIC - DO NOT KILL

56
Q

TEMPERATE PHAGE / LYSOGENIC

A

1- PHAGE ENTERS BACTERIA
- protein stays outside
-n. acid enters and fuses w/ chromosome of bacteria becoming a PROPHAGE

57
Q

PROPHAGE

A

PHAGE’ N. ACID FUSES W/ BACTERIA’S CHROMOSOME

58
Q

LYSOGENIC CONVERSION

A

-CAUSES DISEASE
- MAKE TOXINS BUT DONT HAVE ALL THE PIECES

EX: CORYNEBACTERIUM DYPHTERIAE
CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM
VIBRIO CHLOREAE

59
Q

VIRULENT PHAGE

A

KILLS

60
Q

INFLUENZA

A

VIRUS

Microbiology (7 decks)

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