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CHAPTER 3 Flashcards

1
Q

COCCUS

A

CIRCLE

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2
Q

COCCOBACILLUS

A

ELONGATED CIRCLE

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3
Q

BACILLUS

A

ROD

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4
Q

VIBRIO

A

SLIGHTLY CURVED ROD

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5
Q

SPIRILLUM

A

STIFF

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6
Q

SPIROCHETE

A

FLEXIBLE

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7
Q

PLEOMORPHIC

A

NO SPECIFIC SHAPE

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8
Q

DIPLO

A

2 ATTACHED TOGETHER

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9
Q

PALISADES

A

RANDOMLY STAY CLOSE TOGETHER

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10
Q

STREPTO

A

CHAIN

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11
Q

STAPH

A

GRAPE-LIKE CLUSTERS

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12
Q

SARCINA

A

8 OF THEM - MAKING A CUBE.
- TO BE VISIBLE, MUST BE IN A LIQUID SINCE IT HAS 3 DIMENSIONS

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13
Q

TETRAD

A

4 TOGETHER - MAKING A SQUARE

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14
Q

BACTERIAL SIZE IS MEASURED IN

A

MICROMETERS - 10^-6

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15
Q

VIRAL SIZE IS MEASURED IN

A

NANOMETERS (10^-9)

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16
Q

MYCOPLASMA

A

-SMALLEST BACTERIA (0.3)
-GROW INSIDE OF OTHER CELLS SINCE THEY DO NOT CARRY ALL DNA. LACK GENES
-No cell wall/ no hopanoids
-has sterols

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17
Q

AVERAGE SIZE BACTERIA

A

-1.1 - 6 MICROMETERS
-E-COLI
-STAPH

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18
Q

CYANOBACTERIUM / EPULOPISCIUM

A

-LARGE BACTERIA
-DOES PHOTOSYNTHESIS
-REPLICATE SLOWER

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19
Q

PARAMECIUM

A

-UNICELLULAR EUKARYOTE
-CILIATE
-FOUND IN WATER

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20
Q

THIOMARGARITA

A

-FOUND IN WATER

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21
Q

HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE

A

-SMALL BACTERIA
- REPLICATES FASTER
- not cause influenza

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22
Q

BEST AT NUTRIENT UPTAKE + RELEASE WASTE

A

-SMALL
-ROD (MORE SURFACE AREA TO VOLUME RATIO)
- MORE EFFECTIVE TRANSPORTERS
-EXAMPLE: HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE

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23
Q

FORMULA TO CALCULATE SURFACE AREA TO VOLUME RATIO

A

3/r
- THE LARGER THE SAV/R, THE MORE EASILY NUTRIENTS CAN MOVE

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24
Q

Gram Positives

A

-Cell membrane
-Thicker Peptidoglycan

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25
Gram Negative
-Cell Membrane -Thinner Peptidoglycan -LPS
26
FtsZ - TUBULIN HOMOLOGUE
- helps find the middle of the cell by tagging it. Aids in cell division - found in many bacteria, not all
27
MreB / ACTIN HOMOLOGUE
- gives rod shape
28
CreS / INTERMEDIATE FILAMENT HOMOLOGUE
-gives vibrio shape - only found in 1 side of bacteria -
29
BACTERIA THAT HAS CreS WILL ALSO HAVE MreB
TRUE
30
IF A BACTERIA HAS NONE OF THE THREE PROTEINS, ITS SHAPE WILL BE CONSIDERED
PLEOMORPHIC
31
CYTOSKELETON MOLECULES (3)
-FtsZ -MreB -CreS
32
GLYCOGEN STORAGE
SAVES GLUCOSE
33
CARBON STORAGE
POLY-B-HYDROBUTYRATE (PHB)
34
CARBON STORAGE
POLY-B-HYDROBUTYRATE (PHB)
35
PHOSPHATE
POLYPHOSPHATE (VOLUTIN) -PRESENT IN NUCLEOTIDES
36
AMINOACIDS
CYANOPHYCIN GRANULES
37
STORAGE INCLUSIONS (4)
-GLYCOGEN STORAGE -CARBON STORAGE: PHB -PHOSPHATE -AMINOACIDS *****SAVES THINGS FOR LATER***
38
GAS VACUOLES
When filled up, will allow cell to float -In bacteria that will undergo photosynthesis
39
Magnetosomes
-MamK - Helps bacteria find bottom of ocean - inclusion
40
MAGNETOSPIRILLUM GRYPHISWALDENSE
MODEL OF BACTERIA HAVING MAGNETOSOME -SPIRILLUM - STIFF
41
PLASMIDS
-contain extrachromosomal DNA -can be used in horizontal gene transfer
42
episome
plasmid integrated in chromosome
43
Conjugate plasmid
contain information needed during conjugation in horizontal gene transfer. ****Ability to give extra information to neighbor*****
44
R PLASMID
RESISTANCE TO ANTIBIOTICS
45
VIRULENCE PLASMID
Contains rest of the factors needed for a bacteria to cause disease
46
Col Plasmids
contains chemical compounds that can kill neighbors ****Col: colicin******
47
ALL LIVING ORGANISMS HAVE A CELL MEMBRANE
TRUE
48
ETC IN BACTERIA
IN CYTOPLASM
49
ETC IN EUKARYOTES
IN MITOCHONDRIA
50
CELL MEMBRANE IN BACTERIA
-AMPIPHATIC (PHILLIC HEADS + PHOBIC TAILS) - MEMBRANE PROTEINS
51
PERIPHERAL PROTEINS
-NOT ATTACHED TO MEMBRANE -REMOVED EASILY
52
INTEGRAL PROTEINS
-IMBEDDED IN CYTOPLASM -HARD TO REMOVE -AMPIPHATIC
53
TRANSMEMBRANE PROTEINS
-CROSS THE CYTOPLASM -AMPIPHATIC
54
PASSIVE DIFFUSION
- HIGH TO LOW CONCENTRATION - NO ENERGY NEEDED - EX: O2 + CO2 + H2O (NO CHARGE) - SMALL -NO SATURATION POINT
55
FACILITATED DIFFUSION
-REQUIRES A TRANSMEMBRANE PROTEIN TO FACILITATE DIFFUSION -MOLECULE IS TOO LARGE OR HAS CHARGE -USES PERMEASE -SATURATION POINT
56
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
-LOW TO HIGH CONCENTRATION -REQUIRES ENERGY (CAN COME FROM ION GRADIENT) -
57
GROUP TRANSLOCATION
-TYPE OF ACTIVE TRANSPORT
58
ATP BINDING CASSETE/ ABC TRANSPORTER
- TYPE OF ACTIVE TRANSPORT AND PRIMARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT - LOW TO HIGH CONCENTRATION = AGAINST CONCENTRATION GRADIENT - SOURCE OF ENERGY: ATP - USES PERMEASES - REQUIRES 3 PROTEINS -PRESENT IN BACTERIA, EUKARYA AND ARCHAEA
59
PERMEASE
TRANSMEMBRANE + INTEGRAL PROTEIN THAT ALLOWS SOMETHING TO CROSS MEMBRANE
60
PERMEATION
CROSSING SOMETHING
61
SATURATION
-REACHED A PLATEAU IN RATE OF TRANSPORT BC: CONCENTRATION OF MOLECULE ENTERING THE CELL HAS REACHED A MAX AND ALL PERMEASES ARE BEING USED, CANNOT GO ANY FASTER ****OCCURS IN FACILITATED DIFFUSION****** ****NOT OCCURS IN PASSIVE DIFFUSION*****
62
PRIMARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT
-USES ATP AS SOURCE OF ENERGY -UNIPORTER= MOVES IN SINGLE DIRECTION (OUT -- INSIDE) -MOVES 1 THING AT A TIME - REQUIRES 3 PROTEINS
63
3 REQUIRED PROTEINS IN ATP BINDING CASSETE/ ABC TRANSPORTER
1- PERMEASE 2- ATP HYDROLYSIS 3- SOLUTE BINDING PROTEIN
64
MFS - MAJOR FACILITATOR SUPERFAMILY
- Secondary active transporter - energy source: ion gradient - It can be SYMPORTER or ANTIPORTER ******EX: LACTOSE PERMEASE OF E.COLI - - - - 2NDARY, SYMPORTER MECHANISM********
65
SYMPORTER
- BOTH MOLECULES ENTER THE CELL AT THE SAME TIME AND SAME DIRECTION
66
ANTIPORTER
-ION GRADIENT MOVES HIGH TO LOW (MAKES ENERGY TO MOVE SOLUTE) -SOLUTE MOVES LOW TO HIGH
67
LACTOSE PERMEASE OF E.coli
example of a secondary symporter MFS -MOVES PROTON AND LACTOSE AT THE SAME TIME AND SAME DIRECTION
68
GROUP TRANSLOCATION
-What crosses membrane is chemically altered - PTS in E.coli as the model
69
TYPES OF ACTIVE TRANSPORT
1- ACTIVE TRANSPORT 2- ATP BINDING CASSETE / ABC TRANSPORTER 3-MFS 4- GROUP TRANSLOCATION
70
E. coli
- average size bacteria - gram negative rod - Lactose permease (active symporter - MFS) - PTS (Group Translocation)
71
PTS IN E.coli
- PEP - E1 (PEP---PYRUVATE) + (E1 --- E1+P) -E1+P - HRP (E1+P --- E1) + (HRP ---- HRP+P) -HRP + P ---- IIA -IIA ----IIB -IIB --- SUGAR *DEPENDS ON ENVIRONMENT* (HRP+P ---- HRP) (1-GLUCOSE ---GLU -6-P *OR* 2-MANNITOL ----MANNITOL - 1-P)
72
THE ABILITY TO USE PEP HELPS IN 2 WAYS
1- SAVES ATP, SINCE PEP BRINGS GLUCOSE-6-P INTO CELL (GREAT FOR ANAEROBIC BACTERIA) 2- GLUCOSE-6-P IS THE FIRST STEP IN GLYCOLYSIS
73
PEPTIDOGLYCAN (MUREIN)P-
-5 aminoacids + 2 sugars -permeable -thinner in gram- -thicker in gram+
74
DAP AS 3RD AMINOACID
GRAM -
75
L-LYSINE AS 3RD AMINOACID
GRAM +
76
LPS
- SEMI-PERMEABLE - IN GRAM - -
77
ATYPICAL BACTERIA
-Cannot be stained w/ gram staining - too small - Obligate intracellular pathogen - must be inside a cell BC cell wall is weak or don't have a cell wall ****EX: Mycoplasma
78
MYCOBACTERIUM
NO LPS NOT AN ATYPICAL BACTERIA
79
HYPOTONIC ENVIRONMENT
WATER RUSHES INSIDE CELL, CELL WALL WILL PROTECT AGAINST OSMOTIC PRESSURE, ENSURING THE CELL DOES NOT BURST
80
HYPERTONIC ENVIRONMENT
OIJOIJ
81
ISOTONIC ENVIRONMENT
- GROWING INSIDE ANOTHER CELL - same concentration in and out of cell = NOT NET GAIN, NO NET LOSS - we could remove cell wall of bacteria, leaving plasma membrane + content
82
Spheroplasts
- 2 membranes : cell membrane + LPS - Gram Negative w/out cell wall in an isotonic solution - would still have the LPS
83
Protoplast
- one membrane - Gram positive in an isotonic solution w/out a cell wall - only cell membrane + content
84
L-FORM BACTERIA
-CAN STOP MAKING OF CELL WALL DUE TO BEING IN AN ISOTONIC ENVIRONMENT. NO NEED FOR CELL WALL EX: Bacillus anthracis, Treponema pallidum, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Helicobacter pylori, Rickettsia prowazekii, and Borrelia burgdorferi
85
PROTON MOTOR FORCE - SOURCE OF ENERGY
-MOVE FLAGELLA -MOVE THINGS ACROSS CONCENTRATION GRADIENT
86
PART OF THE BACTERIAL ENVELOPE
-CELL MEMBRANE -CELL WALL -LPS -CAPSULES S-LAYERS -SLIME LAYERS
87
CAPSULES
- MADE UP OF SUGARS = POLYSACCHARIDES - WELL ORGANIZED - PROTECTION AGAINST: PHAGOCYTOSIS DESICATION VIRUSES AND DETERGENTS -BACTERIA LOOK MORE MOIST -CAN BE STAINED
88
SLIME LAYER
-MADE UP OF SUGARS = POLYSACCHARIDES -NOT WELL ORGANIZED -PROTECTION AGAINST: PHAGOCYTOSIS, DISECATION, VIRUS+DETERGENTS -GLIDING MOTILITY : ALLOWS TO ROTATE ON ITS AXIS
89
GLIDING MOTILITY
-SPECIFIC TO SLIME LAYER -ALLOWS BACTERIA TO MOVE ON ITS AXIS
90
S-LAYER
- SELF-ASSEMBLY - PROTECTION - STRENGTH + SHAPE + RIGIDITY - HELPS W/ ADHESION TO SURFACES - USE IN NANOTECHNOLOGY
91
NOT PART OF THE ENVELOPE
-FLAGELLA -PILI + FIMBRIAE
92
BACTERIAL ENVELOPE
CELL MEMBRANE AND ANYTHING ABOVE IT
93
PILI + FIMBRIAE
- SMALL HAIR EXTENSIONS - ATTACHMENT
94
2 TYPES OF PILI
A) SEX PILI - USED FOR CONJUGATION (HORIZONTAL GENE TRANSFER) B) TYPE IV (T4P) - HELPS W/ TWITCHING MOTILITY
95
SEX PILI
HELPS IN CONJUGATION - HORIZONTAL GENE TRANSFER
96
TYPE IV PILI (T4P)
-HELPS IN TWITCHING MOTILITY
97
TWITCHING MOTILITY
T4P
98
FLAGELLA
-MOTILITY -ATTACHMENT -VIRULENCE -MONOTRICHOUS + LOPHOTRICHOUS + PERITRICHOUS -TO MOVE REQUIRES LIQUID
99
5 MAJOR TYPES OF MOTILITY
*****FASTEST******** 1) SWIMMING - FLAGELLA 2) SWARMING - FLAGELLA + SEMISOLID SURFACE 3) SPIROCHETE - FLAGELLA ****SLOWEST***** 4) TWITCHING MOTILITY - PILI T4P 5) GLIDING MOTILITY - SLIME LAYER
100
FLAGELLA CAN ROTATE 2 WAYS
- CCW: FORWARD = RUN -CW: STOP + TUMBLESAW
101
SWARMING
- PERITRICHOUS FLAGELLA - MOIST + SEMISOLID OR LIQUID SURFACE. ***NO SOLID**** - PSEUDOMONAS SPECIES
102
SPIROCHETE MOTILITY
- FLAGELLA REMAINS IN PERIPLASMIC SPACE - AXIAL FIBRIL = ROTATES ON ITS AXIS - TREPONEMA SPECIES - SYPHILIS
103
TWITCHING + GLIDING MOTILITY
- SOLID SURFACE - SLOW
104
CHEMOTAXIS
MOVING TOWARDS OR AWAY FROM SOMETHING SPECIFIC - BY CHOICE
105
CHEMOATTRACTANT
-TOWARDS
106
CHEMO REPELLENT
AWAY FROM
107
BACTERIAL ENDOSPORE
-SURVIVAL NOT REPRODUCTION -DORMANT -CANNOT BE EASILY DESTROYED - 2 EXTRA LAYERS OF PROTECTION: Ca - DPA + SASPs (protect DNA) - Inside of spore is dry - spore coat + exosporium - extra protection , several layers
108
Ca - DPA
-protects endospore's DNA - extra layer - Calcium + dipicolinic acid
109
SASPs
-Small, acid-soluble, DNA- binding proteins - protect DNA
110
SPORULATION
- 8-10 HRS - DOES NOT STOP - 1 CELL = 1 SPORE
111
GERMINATION
- SPORES STOPS BEING DORMANT WHEN ENVIRONMENT IS GOOD
112
PTS - GROUP TRANSLOCATION
- found in obligate anaerobes + facultative anaerobes
113
Mannitol has 3 proteins in its PTS
2 peripheral 1 permease
114
Glucose has 3 in its pts
1cytosolic 1 peripheral 1 permease

Microbiology (7 decks)

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