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Microbiology > CHAPTER 3 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

COCCUS

A

CIRCLE

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2
Q

COCCOBACILLUS

A

ELONGATED CIRCLE

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3
Q

BACILLUS

A

ROD

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4
Q

VIBRIO

A

SLIGHTLY CURVED ROD

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5
Q

SPIRILLUM

A

STIFF

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6
Q

SPIROCHETE

A

FLEXIBLE

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7
Q

PLEOMORPHIC

A

NO SPECIFIC SHAPE

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8
Q

DIPLO

A

2 ATTACHED TOGETHER

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9
Q

PALISADES

A

RANDOMLY STAY CLOSE TOGETHER

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10
Q

STREPTO

A

CHAIN

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11
Q

STAPH

A

GRAPE-LIKE CLUSTERS

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12
Q

SARCINA

A

8 OF THEM - MAKING A CUBE.
- TO BE VISIBLE, MUST BE IN A LIQUID SINCE IT HAS 3 DIMENSIONS

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13
Q

TETRAD

A

4 TOGETHER - MAKING A SQUARE

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14
Q

BACTERIAL SIZE IS MEASURED IN

A

MICROMETERS - 10^-6

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15
Q

VIRAL SIZE IS MEASURED IN

A

NANOMETERS (10^-9)

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16
Q

MYCOPLASMA

A

-SMALLEST BACTERIA (0.3)
-GROW INSIDE OF OTHER CELLS SINCE THEY DO NOT CARRY ALL DNA. LACK GENES
-No cell wall/ no hopanoids
-has sterols

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17
Q

AVERAGE SIZE BACTERIA

A

-1.1 - 6 MICROMETERS
-E-COLI
-STAPH

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18
Q

CYANOBACTERIUM / EPULOPISCIUM

A

-LARGE BACTERIA
-DOES PHOTOSYNTHESIS
-REPLICATE SLOWER

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19
Q

PARAMECIUM

A

-UNICELLULAR EUKARYOTE
-CILIATE
-FOUND IN WATER

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20
Q

THIOMARGARITA

A

-FOUND IN WATER

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21
Q

HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE

A

-SMALL BACTERIA
- REPLICATES FASTER
- not cause influenza

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22
Q

BEST AT NUTRIENT UPTAKE + RELEASE WASTE

A

-SMALL
-ROD (MORE SURFACE AREA TO VOLUME RATIO)
- MORE EFFECTIVE TRANSPORTERS
-EXAMPLE: HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE

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23
Q

FORMULA TO CALCULATE SURFACE AREA TO VOLUME RATIO

A

3/r
- THE LARGER THE SAV/R, THE MORE EASILY NUTRIENTS CAN MOVE

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24
Q

Gram Positives

A

-Cell membrane
-Thicker Peptidoglycan

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25
Q

Gram Negative

A

-Cell Membrane
-Thinner Peptidoglycan
-LPS

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26
Q

FtsZ - TUBULIN HOMOLOGUE

A
  • helps find the middle of the cell by tagging it. Aids in cell division
  • found in many bacteria, not all
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27
Q

MreB / ACTIN HOMOLOGUE

A
  • gives rod shape
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28
Q

CreS / INTERMEDIATE FILAMENT HOMOLOGUE

A

-gives vibrio shape
- only found in 1 side of bacteria
-

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29
Q

BACTERIA THAT HAS CreS WILL ALSO HAVE MreB

A

TRUE

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30
Q

IF A BACTERIA HAS NONE OF THE THREE PROTEINS, ITS SHAPE WILL BE CONSIDERED

A

PLEOMORPHIC

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31
Q

CYTOSKELETON MOLECULES (3)

A

-FtsZ
-MreB
-CreS

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32
Q

GLYCOGEN STORAGE

A

SAVES GLUCOSE

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33
Q

CARBON STORAGE

A

POLY-B-HYDROBUTYRATE (PHB)

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34
Q

CARBON STORAGE

A

POLY-B-HYDROBUTYRATE (PHB)

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35
Q

PHOSPHATE

A

POLYPHOSPHATE (VOLUTIN)
-PRESENT IN NUCLEOTIDES

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36
Q

AMINOACIDS

A

CYANOPHYCIN GRANULES

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37
Q

STORAGE INCLUSIONS (4)

A

-GLYCOGEN STORAGE
-CARBON STORAGE: PHB
-PHOSPHATE
-AMINOACIDS

**SAVES THINGS FOR LATER

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38
Q

GAS VACUOLES

A

When filled up, will allow cell to float
-In bacteria that will undergo photosynthesis

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39
Q

Magnetosomes

A

-MamK - Helps bacteria find bottom of ocean
- inclusion

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40
Q

MAGNETOSPIRILLUM GRYPHISWALDENSE

A

MODEL OF BACTERIA HAVING MAGNETOSOME

-SPIRILLUM - STIFF

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41
Q

PLASMIDS

A

-contain extrachromosomal DNA
-can be used in horizontal gene transfer

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42
Q

episome

A

plasmid integrated in chromosome

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43
Q

Conjugate plasmid

A

contain information needed during conjugation in horizontal gene transfer.
Ability to give extra information to neighbor*

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44
Q

R PLASMID

A

RESISTANCE TO ANTIBIOTICS

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45
Q

VIRULENCE PLASMID

A

Contains rest of the factors needed for a bacteria to cause disease

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46
Q

Col Plasmids

A

contains chemical compounds that can kill neighbors
Col: colicin**

47
Q

ALL LIVING ORGANISMS HAVE A CELL MEMBRANE

A

TRUE

48
Q

ETC IN BACTERIA

A

IN CYTOPLASM

49
Q

ETC IN EUKARYOTES

A

IN MITOCHONDRIA

50
Q

CELL MEMBRANE IN BACTERIA

A

-AMPIPHATIC (PHILLIC HEADS + PHOBIC TAILS)
- MEMBRANE PROTEINS

51
Q

PERIPHERAL PROTEINS

A

-NOT ATTACHED TO MEMBRANE
-REMOVED EASILY

52
Q

INTEGRAL PROTEINS

A

-IMBEDDED IN CYTOPLASM
-HARD TO REMOVE
-AMPIPHATIC

53
Q

TRANSMEMBRANE PROTEINS

A

-CROSS THE CYTOPLASM
-AMPIPHATIC

54
Q

PASSIVE DIFFUSION

A
  • HIGH TO LOW CONCENTRATION
  • NO ENERGY NEEDED
  • EX: O2 + CO2 + H2O (NO CHARGE)
  • SMALL
    -NO SATURATION POINT
55
Q

FACILITATED DIFFUSION

A

-REQUIRES A TRANSMEMBRANE PROTEIN TO FACILITATE DIFFUSION
-MOLECULE IS TOO LARGE OR HAS CHARGE
-USES PERMEASE
-SATURATION POINT

56
Q

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

A

-LOW TO HIGH CONCENTRATION
-REQUIRES ENERGY (CAN COME FROM ION GRADIENT)
-

57
Q

GROUP TRANSLOCATION

A

-TYPE OF ACTIVE TRANSPORT

58
Q

ATP BINDING CASSETE/ ABC TRANSPORTER

A
  • TYPE OF ACTIVE TRANSPORT AND PRIMARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT
  • LOW TO HIGH CONCENTRATION = AGAINST CONCENTRATION GRADIENT
  • SOURCE OF ENERGY: ATP
  • USES PERMEASES
  • REQUIRES 3 PROTEINS
    -PRESENT IN BACTERIA, EUKARYA AND ARCHAEA
59
Q

PERMEASE

A

TRANSMEMBRANE + INTEGRAL PROTEIN THAT ALLOWS SOMETHING TO CROSS MEMBRANE

60
Q

PERMEATION

A

CROSSING SOMETHING

61
Q

SATURATION

A

-REACHED A PLATEAU IN RATE OF TRANSPORT BC:

CONCENTRATION OF MOLECULE ENTERING THE CELL HAS REACHED A MAX AND ALL PERMEASES ARE BEING USED, CANNOT GO ANY FASTER

OCCURS IN FACILITATED DIFFUSION**
NOT OCCURS IN PASSIVE DIFFUSION*

62
Q

PRIMARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT

A

-USES ATP AS SOURCE OF ENERGY
-UNIPORTER= MOVES IN SINGLE DIRECTION (OUT – INSIDE)
-MOVES 1 THING AT A TIME
- REQUIRES 3 PROTEINS

63
Q

3 REQUIRED PROTEINS IN ATP BINDING CASSETE/ ABC TRANSPORTER

A

1- PERMEASE
2- ATP HYDROLYSIS
3- SOLUTE BINDING PROTEIN

64
Q

MFS - MAJOR FACILITATOR SUPERFAMILY

A
  • Secondary active transporter
  • energy source: ion gradient
  • It can be SYMPORTER or ANTIPORTER

**EX: LACTOSE PERMEASE OF E.COLI - - - - 2NDARY, SYMPORTER MECHANISM**

65
Q

SYMPORTER

A
  • BOTH MOLECULES ENTER THE CELL AT THE SAME TIME AND SAME DIRECTION
66
Q

ANTIPORTER

A

-ION GRADIENT MOVES HIGH TO LOW (MAKES ENERGY TO MOVE SOLUTE)
-SOLUTE MOVES LOW TO HIGH

67
Q

LACTOSE PERMEASE OF E.coli

A

example of a secondary symporter MFS
-MOVES PROTON AND LACTOSE AT THE SAME TIME AND SAME DIRECTION

68
Q

GROUP TRANSLOCATION

A

-What crosses membrane is chemically altered
- PTS in E.coli as the model

69
Q

TYPES OF ACTIVE TRANSPORT

A

1- ACTIVE TRANSPORT
2- ATP BINDING CASSETE / ABC TRANSPORTER
3-MFS
4- GROUP TRANSLOCATION

70
Q

E. coli

A
  • average size bacteria
  • gram negative rod
  • Lactose permease (active symporter - MFS)
  • PTS (Group Translocation)
71
Q

PTS IN E.coli

A
  • PEP - E1 (PEP—PYRUVATE) + (E1 — E1+P)
    -E1+P - HRP (E1+P — E1) + (HRP —- HRP+P)
    -HRP + P —- IIA
    -IIA —-IIB
    -IIB — SUGAR DEPENDS ON ENVIRONMENT (HRP+P —- HRP) (1-GLUCOSE —GLU -6-P OR 2-MANNITOL —-MANNITOL - 1-P)
72
Q

THE ABILITY TO USE PEP HELPS IN 2 WAYS

A

1- SAVES ATP, SINCE PEP BRINGS GLUCOSE-6-P INTO CELL (GREAT FOR ANAEROBIC BACTERIA)
2- GLUCOSE-6-P IS THE FIRST STEP IN GLYCOLYSIS

73
Q

PEPTIDOGLYCAN (MUREIN)P-

A

-5 aminoacids + 2 sugars
-permeable
-thinner in gram-
-thicker in gram+

74
Q

DAP AS 3RD AMINOACID

A

GRAM -

75
Q

L-LYSINE AS 3RD AMINOACID

A

GRAM +

76
Q

LPS

A
  • SEMI-PERMEABLE
  • ## IN GRAM -
77
Q

ATYPICAL BACTERIA

A

-Cannot be stained w/ gram staining - too small
- Obligate intracellular pathogen - must be inside a cell BC cell wall is weak or don’t have a cell wall

**EX: Mycoplasma

78
Q

MYCOBACTERIUM

A

NO LPS
NOT AN ATYPICAL BACTERIA

79
Q

HYPOTONIC ENVIRONMENT

A

WATER RUSHES INSIDE CELL, CELL WALL WILL PROTECT AGAINST OSMOTIC PRESSURE, ENSURING THE CELL DOES NOT BURST

80
Q

HYPERTONIC ENVIRONMENT

A

OIJOIJ

81
Q

ISOTONIC ENVIRONMENT

A
  • GROWING INSIDE ANOTHER CELL
  • same concentration in and out of cell = NOT NET GAIN, NO NET LOSS
  • we could remove cell wall of bacteria, leaving plasma membrane + content
82
Q

Spheroplasts

A
  • 2 membranes : cell membrane + LPS
  • Gram Negative w/out cell wall in an isotonic solution
  • would still have the LPS
83
Q

Protoplast

A
  • one membrane
  • Gram positive in an isotonic solution w/out a cell wall - only cell membrane + content
84
Q

L-FORM BACTERIA

A

-CAN STOP MAKING OF CELL WALL DUE TO BEING IN AN ISOTONIC ENVIRONMENT. NO NEED FOR CELL WALL

EX: Bacillus anthracis, Treponema pallidum, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Helicobacter pylori, Rickettsia prowazekii, and Borrelia burgdorferi

85
Q

PROTON MOTOR FORCE - SOURCE OF ENERGY

A

-MOVE FLAGELLA
-MOVE THINGS ACROSS CONCENTRATION GRADIENT

86
Q

PART OF THE BACTERIAL ENVELOPE

A

-CELL MEMBRANE
-CELL WALL
-LPS
-CAPSULES
S-LAYERS
-SLIME LAYERS

87
Q

CAPSULES

A
  • MADE UP OF SUGARS = POLYSACCHARIDES
  • WELL ORGANIZED
  • PROTECTION AGAINST: PHAGOCYTOSIS
    DESICATION
    VIRUSES AND DETERGENTS
    -BACTERIA LOOK MORE MOIST
    -CAN BE STAINED
88
Q

SLIME LAYER

A

-MADE UP OF SUGARS = POLYSACCHARIDES
-NOT WELL ORGANIZED
-PROTECTION AGAINST: PHAGOCYTOSIS, DISECATION, VIRUS+DETERGENTS
-GLIDING MOTILITY : ALLOWS TO ROTATE ON ITS AXIS

89
Q

GLIDING MOTILITY

A

-SPECIFIC TO SLIME LAYER
-ALLOWS BACTERIA TO MOVE ON ITS AXIS

90
Q

S-LAYER

A
  • SELF-ASSEMBLY
  • PROTECTION
  • STRENGTH + SHAPE + RIGIDITY
  • HELPS W/ ADHESION TO SURFACES
  • USE IN NANOTECHNOLOGY
91
Q

NOT PART OF THE ENVELOPE

A

-FLAGELLA
-PILI + FIMBRIAE

92
Q

BACTERIAL ENVELOPE

A

CELL MEMBRANE AND ANYTHING ABOVE IT

93
Q

PILI + FIMBRIAE

A
  • SMALL HAIR EXTENSIONS
  • ATTACHMENT
94
Q

2 TYPES OF PILI

A

A) SEX PILI - USED FOR CONJUGATION (HORIZONTAL GENE TRANSFER)

B) TYPE IV (T4P) - HELPS W/ TWITCHING MOTILITY

95
Q

SEX PILI

A

HELPS IN CONJUGATION - HORIZONTAL GENE TRANSFER

96
Q

TYPE IV PILI (T4P)

A

-HELPS IN TWITCHING MOTILITY

97
Q

TWITCHING MOTILITY

A

T4P

98
Q

FLAGELLA

A

-MOTILITY
-ATTACHMENT
-VIRULENCE

-MONOTRICHOUS + LOPHOTRICHOUS + PERITRICHOUS

-TO MOVE REQUIRES LIQUID

99
Q

5 MAJOR TYPES OF MOTILITY

A

FASTEST***
1) SWIMMING - FLAGELLA
2) SWARMING - FLAGELLA + SEMISOLID SURFACE
3) SPIROCHETE - FLAGELLA

SLOWEST*
4) TWITCHING MOTILITY - PILI T4P
5) GLIDING MOTILITY - SLIME LAYER

100
Q

FLAGELLA CAN ROTATE 2 WAYS

A
  • CCW: FORWARD = RUN

-CW: STOP + TUMBLESAW

101
Q

SWARMING

A
  • PERITRICHOUS FLAGELLA
  • MOIST + SEMISOLID OR LIQUID SURFACE. NO SOLID*
  • PSEUDOMONAS SPECIES
102
Q

SPIROCHETE MOTILITY

A
  • FLAGELLA REMAINS IN PERIPLASMIC SPACE
  • AXIAL FIBRIL = ROTATES ON ITS AXIS
  • TREPONEMA SPECIES - SYPHILIS
103
Q

TWITCHING + GLIDING MOTILITY

A
  • SOLID SURFACE
  • SLOW
104
Q

CHEMOTAXIS

A

MOVING TOWARDS OR AWAY FROM SOMETHING SPECIFIC - BY CHOICE

105
Q

CHEMOATTRACTANT

A

-TOWARDS

106
Q

CHEMO REPELLENT

A

AWAY FROM

107
Q

BACTERIAL ENDOSPORE

A

-SURVIVAL NOT REPRODUCTION
-DORMANT
-CANNOT BE EASILY DESTROYED
- 2 EXTRA LAYERS OF PROTECTION: Ca - DPA + SASPs (protect DNA)
- Inside of spore is dry
- spore coat + exosporium - extra protection , several layers

108
Q

Ca - DPA

A

-protects endospore’s DNA
- extra layer
- Calcium + dipicolinic acid

109
Q

SASPs

A

-Small, acid-soluble, DNA- binding proteins
- protect DNA

110
Q

SPORULATION

A
  • 8-10 HRS
  • DOES NOT STOP
  • 1 CELL = 1 SPORE
111
Q

GERMINATION

A
  • SPORES STOPS BEING DORMANT WHEN ENVIRONMENT IS GOOD
112
Q

PTS - GROUP TRANSLOCATION

A
  • found in obligate anaerobes + facultative anaerobes
113
Q

Mannitol has 3 proteins in its PTS

A

2 peripheral
1 permease

114
Q

Glucose has 3 in its pts

A

1cytosolic
1 peripheral
1 permease

Microbiology (7 decks)

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