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Microbiology > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Plasmodium Falciparum (2)

A

-causes Malaria
- eukaryotic

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2
Q

Protists (2)

A
  • eukaryotic
    -further classified: slime molds+algae+protozoa
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3
Q

Bacteria

A

-prokaryotic
-Can have peptidoglycan
- CELL MEMBRANE IS SIMILAR TO EUKARYOTES
- INCLUSIONS
-70S RIBOSOME
- FLAGELLA
- PILI + FIMBRIAE

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4
Q

Archaea

A

-prokaryotic
-most extreme microorganisms on earth, like halophiles.
-do not cause disease.
-unique phospholipid bilayer. not like ours.
-Evolved independently of Bacteria. But diverged from Eukarya’s common ancestor
- NO PEPTIDOGLYCAN
- **CAN* -MFS (lactose permease not the same as E.coli) + Group Translocation + Facilitated Diffusion
- UNIQUE CELL MEMBRANE
- METHANOGENS
- INCLUSIONS
-70S RIBOSOME
- interior is hyprophobic
-DIRECTIONAL MOVEMENT

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5
Q

CELLULAR EUKARYOTES (4)

A

-Have a nucleus (Transcription occurs in nucleus and Translation occurs in cytoplasm)
-Have histones
-Further classified into: Fungi: Yeast + Mold &. Protists: Algae + Slime Molds + Protozoa
-NO PEPTIDOGLYCAN
- PTS (GROUP TRANSLOCATION) DO NOT NEED TO WORRY ABOUT
- CELL MEMBRANE SIMILAR TO BACTERIA
- FLAGELLA
- DIRECTIONAL MOVEMENT

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6
Q

Cellular Prokaryotes

A

-Lack a nucleus (Transcription & Translation occur simultaneously)
-Bacteria and Archaea
- 16S rRNA

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7
Q

Acellular Organisms

A

not alive
no cell/plasma membrane
require a host to replicate

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8
Q

Viruses

A

-DNA OR RNA
-PROTEIN COAT
- some may have an envelope

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9
Q

Viroids

A

acellular
Only RNA
Only affect plants

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10
Q

Satellites

A

cannot replicate w/out virus

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11
Q

4 Acellular Microorganisms

A

Virus
Viroids
Satellites
Prions

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12
Q

Prions

A

-only aminoacids
-Proteins needed for neuronal survival
- alpha helix + beta sheets

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13
Q

Transcription

A

DNA TO RNA

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14
Q

TRANSLATION

A

mRNA to protein

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15
Q

TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION ALLOWS LIVING ORGANISMS TO REPLICATE+ SURVIVE. OCCUR SIMULTANEOUSLY IN

A

PROKARYOTES

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16
Q

CARL WOOSE

A

-Created the 1st Tree of Life.
-1970s separated things depending on genetics.
- discovered 3rd domain of life = Archaea (2nd type of prokaryote)

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17
Q

LINNAEUS

A

-18th Century
-Classified things depending on movement/anatomy not on evolutionary relatedness
-Started the Binomial Nomenclature - includes: genus name (italicized + capital) and species (italicized)

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18
Q

RIBOSOME - SMALL SUBUNIT

A

-Important in recognition and alignment of the mRNA
-made up of proteins and rRNA
-rRNA can be 16s or 18s

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19
Q

RIBOSOMES

A

-MADE UP OF PROTEIN AND rRNA
-TRANSLATION OF EUKARYOTES AND PROKARYOTES.
-CAN BE 70s (prokaryotes) or 80s (eukaryotes)

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20
Q

16s rRNA

A

LIGHTER
PROKARYOTES - INCLUDES BACTERIA + ARCHAEA

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21
Q

RIBOSOMES
18s rRNA

A

Heavier
Eukaryotes

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22
Q

SMALL AND LARGE SUBUNIT ARE MADE UP OF

A

PROTEIN AND rRNA

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23
Q

TREE OF LIFE

A

3 DOMAINS:
BACTERIA + ARCHAEA + EUKARYA

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24
Q

Mad-cow/ Prions Disease

A

caused by mutations or ingestion of contaminated food (protein changes morphology) =
prions become mis-folded. Cannot be recognized for destruction and create aggregations that lead to neuronal dead.

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25
Q

LUCA - Last Common Universal Ancestor

A

-Universal Phylogenetic Tree

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26
Q

cyanobacteria

A

-Improperly called blue-green algae bc it is not an eukaryote. It is a prokaryote.
-SAME AS ALGAE: photosynthesis + makes oxygen and N gas

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27
Q

CHLOROPLAST

A

-FUNCTION: photosynthesis
-derived from cyanobacteria

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28
Q

EVOLUTION OF MICROBES

A

-Horizontal gene transfer
-Mutations

29
Q

HORIZONTAL GENE TRANSFER

A

Only way microbes can gain extra information.

30
Q

Species

A

-collection of strains
-different specie arise when differences become major.

31
Q

Strains

A

-descended from a single, pure microbial culture.
-Most of its gene is identical + small difference.

32
Q

TYPE STRAIN

A

Original strain

33
Q

Taxonomy

A

biological classification

34
Q

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY

A

new species cannot be recognized until it has been published in here.

35
Q

Taxonomic Ranks

A

Domain
Genus
Species
Strain

**less to more specific order*

36
Q

BERGEY’S MANUAL OF SYSTEMATIC OF ARCHAEA AND BACTERIA

A

Published in 1923
-currently has 5 volumes -2015
-Important bc we must all have a central place to go to. Ensure we are studying the same microbe

37
Q

ATCC = AMERICAN TYPE CULTURE COLLECTION

A

-Collects samples of microbes and cell lines throughout the world. Storage and distribution center
- established 1925

38
Q

FRANCESCO STELLUTI

A

-Used tool from galileo to look at bees. Determined details with the use of some magnifying glass

39
Q

ROBERT HOOKE

A
  • 1st to see Mucor (Fungus). 1st to see microorganisms
  • Gave the word cell due to similarity to monastery cells
40
Q

ANTONY VAN LEEUWENHOEK

A
  • Textile trader and to determine the number of thread, created a magnifying glass and saw microorganisms
  • 1st to accurately observe microorganisms.
  • created 1st microscope
41
Q

SPONTANEOUS GENERATION

A

things coming from nothing

42
Q

FRANCESCO REDI (1626-1697)

A

1ST TO DISPROVE SPONTANEOUS GENERATION
- show maggots in decaying meat came from fly eggs

PROBLEM: NO oxygen. People didn’t know about anaerobic respiration

43
Q

JOHN NEEDHAM (1713-1781)

A

-BOILED SAMPLE AND THEN CAPPED IT.

PROBLEM: Time elapsed until capped allowed microbes to get back inside of container. there was growth

44
Q

Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729-1799)

A

-Boiled flask sealed.
-PROBLEM: Nothing grew bc there was no oxygen.

45
Q

LOUIS PASTEUR

A

SWAN NECK EXPERIMENT

46
Q

SWAN NECK EXPERIMENT

A

OFFICIALLY DISPROVES SPONTANEOUS GENERATION. (Gives oxygen, cleans media, integrates what everyone had done before.

bends glass and creates a swan neck.

1- flask was broken at top allowing microorganisms to directly access media = growth

2- flask was not broken at top and the only way microorganisms could get in was through the mouth of the flask

by PASTEUR

47
Q

JOSEPH LISTER (1827-1912)

A

-INDIRECT EVIDENCE THAT MICROORGANISMS CAN CAUSE INFECTION
-worked in a hospital and asked doctors to clean area before and after surgery = lowered infections

48
Q

LOUIS PASTEUR (1822-1895)

A

-Demonstrated that microorganisms carry fermentation
-Developed pasteurization - Saved the wine industry in France.
-Pepper disease of silkworms = caused by protozoa (eukaryote)
- Developed vaccines by discovering attenuation - for chickenpox, cholera, anthrax and rabies

49
Q

ROBERT KOCH

A

-FINAL PROOF CONNECTING MICROBES TO DISEASE
-Established connection btw Bacillus anthracis and Anthrax
- Developed Koch’s Postulate

50
Q

STERILIZATION

A

NOTHING IS PRESENT

51
Q

PASTEURIZATION

A

SOME MICROBES ARE PRESENT.

52
Q

KOCH’S POSTULATE (4)

A

LEAD TO GOLDEN AGE OF BACTERIOLOGY

1- Find someone that is sick and another that is healthy. Sample both, and determine what is unique in the sick person’s sample contrasted w/ the healthy’s sample.
2- Grow microbe on a petri dish which should lead us to a pure culture (Unique characteristic from sick sample)
3- Inoculate into somebody that is healthy. And, should expect the healthy person to become sick. IF SO:
4- Get sample from now sick person, put in in a petri dish and compare to initial sample.

53
Q

ROBERT HOOKE VS ROBERT KOCH

A
54
Q

Pure Culture

A

only one type of microorganism present

55
Q

Bacillus Anthracis

A

Gram + Bacteria

56
Q

LIMITATIONS/ DOWNSIDES TO KOCH’S POSTULATE

A

1- The healthy person could be carrier. Which gives us no difference btw sick and healthy.

2- Not all bacteria grow well in a petri dish. Must know what microbe prefers/needs to grow
IF YOU CAN’T GROW THEM, YOU CAN’T STUDY THEM

3- Microbes are fighting each other for nutrients and space. When we take a sample from someone that is sick and grow it in a petri dish, the microbe can become attenuated.
BASIS OF VACCINATION

4- Some diseases do not affect animals.
5- Cannot grow viruses in Petri dishes
6- Disease could be caused by several bacteria working together, pure culture would not work.
7- Disease can be genetic

57
Q

Attenuation

A
  • can no longer cause harm = weaken microbes
  • Discovered by Pasteur and Roux
58
Q

Petri dish

A

Bigger lid + smaller container

59
Q

Agar

A

Scientist’ wife - discovered agar

60
Q

EDWARD JENNER (1749 - 1823)

A

-FATHER OF IMMUNOLOGY
-used cowpox to create protection against smallpox

61
Q

SERGEI WINOGRADSKY (1856 - 1953) + MARTINUS BEIJERINCK (1851 -1923)

A
  • Discovered metabolic processes
  • Pioneered the use of enrichment cultures and selective media
62
Q

MICROBIAL ECOLOGY

A

All microbes require something different to survive

63
Q

Spore staining + acid fast stain

A

uses heat to stain

64
Q

BACTERIAL ENVELOPE

A

CELL MEMBRANE AND ANYTHING ABOVE IT

65
Q

BACTERIAL ENVELOPE OF A GRAM -

A

-CELL MEMBRANE
-PEPTIDOGLYCAN
-LPS
-

66
Q

mitochondria

A

came from a gran negative

67
Q

candida albicans

A

-opportunistic pathogen
-fungi - yeast
- spread by sexual contact

68
Q

Candida aureus

A
  • yeast - eukaryotes
  • in asia/ japan high indice
  • present in normal microbiota (in ears)
  • opportunistic infection (moves from ear to bloodstream)

Microbiology (7 decks)

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