Chapters 4, 5 Flashcards
Two widely used classification systems?
International Classification of Diseases (CD) and DSM
Reliability
the consistency of a measurement (dealing with diagnosis)
Interrater reliability
refers to the agreement of clinicians about diagnosis
Test-retest reliability
the consistency with which a patient displays the diagnosable symptoms between assessments
etiological validity
concerned with factors that contribute to the onset of the disorder
concurrent validity
concerned with current correlations between the disorder and other symptoms or behaviors
predictive validity
concerned with the course and stability of the disorder over time
validity
the meaning of a measurement
split-half reliability
measures the internal consistency of the items within a test
different questions asking the same thing
Most frequently used assessment procedure?
Interviews
Behavioral coding systems
formal observational schedules. focus on frequency of specific, targeted behavioral events. can include self-monitoring
MMPI-2
most widely used psychological test
500+ statements rated by test taker as true/false for her/himself
Rorschach test
10 inkblots used to assess personality characteristics and psychopathology
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
a series of drawings that depict human figures in various ambiguous situations
MRI
static brain imaging.
provides clear images which can be more easily transformed into 3 dimensions
PET
dynamic brain imaging.
reflects changes in activity of the brain regions using radioactive glucose
CT
static brain imaging.
static images of specific brain structures, usually replace by the MRI
fMRI
rapid images of changes in brain activity obtained through the measurement of oxygen flow
Barnum effect
applies to EVERYONE (e.g. horoscopes)
EEG
noninvasive procedure that measures and records brainwaves
Electrodermal activity (EDA)
measures sweat gland activity/skin response
Biofeedback
trains patients to recognize and modify physiological symptoms
Anterior Cingulate Cortex
keeps attention fixed on feelings of unease
Affect
pattern of observable behaviors associated with emotion
depression
a mood!
mania
involves a disturbance in mood where person feels euphoric (exaggerated feelings of emotional well being, inflated esteem)
Mood disorders
episodic.
generally experience depression or mania during relatively separate periods of time
Bipolar disorder
episodes of depression and mania
depressive disorders
episodes of depression
Beck’s depressive triad
focusing on negative aspects of the SELF, ENVIRONMENT, and FUTURE
60% of depressed patience also experience?
anxiety
Major depressive disorder
experience of a depressive episode
Dysthymia
persistent depressive disorder - less severe symptoms but predominantly depressed mood for at least 2 years
Bipolar I
at least one manic episode (one week)
Bipolar II (hypomania)
at least one major depressive episode and at least one hypomanic episode (no full-blown manic episodes)
hypomania
less severe period of increased energy/euphoria
Cyclothymia
bipolar equivalent of dysthymia (severe mood swings)
at least 2 years in which the person experiences hypomanic episodes and periods of depression but NO major depressive or manic episodes
Gender differences in depression?
Women are 2 or 3x more vulnerable to depression
Gender diferences in bipolar mood disorders?
Not typically observed
MAO-Is
- Not as effective as tricyclics
- Side effects (cheese and chocolate consumption –increase BP)
Medicine treatment for bipolar disorder?
Lithium, anticonvulsants
