Chapters 1, 2, 3 Flashcards
Incidence
Number of new cases of a disorder that emerge in a population during a given amount of time
Prevalence
Total number cases of a disorder that appear in a population during a given amount of time
Disease burden
Mortality + Disability
creation of the Asylum
Middle ages
Dorothea Dix
Woodward Worcester Hospital - “model institution”
Epidemiology
Focuses on the prevalence and incidence of mental disorders
Biopsychosocial model
An approach that integrates evidence from across biological, psychological, and social dimensions of behavior?
General paresis
The discovery that general paresis followed syphilis infection showed that apparently psychological symptoms (e.g., delusions of grandeur) could be caused by a physical disease
Holism
Assumes the whole is > the sum of parts
Reductionism
Assumes the whole is a sum of its parts and can be understood by examining the smaller components
Causality
when you evaluate the cause of mental disorders according to a combination of factors, not by a single, manageable problem
Equifinality
a psychological disorder may have multiple causes; there are many routes to the same destination; multiple pathways=equifinality
Multifinality
the same event can lead to different outcomes (e.g. abuse can lead to very different outcomes in different children)
Diathesis
a predisposition to develop a disorder (usually, but not necessarily, a heredity factor)
Dendrites
branches that RECEIVE information from neurons
Axon
body that SENDS information to neurons
Neuromodulators
chemicals that may be released from neurons or from endocrine glands (e.g., endorphins) that affect neurotransmitter function
Hindbrain
consists of medulla, pons, and cerebellum, which regulate BASIC BODILY FUNCTIONS—generally not related to abnormal behavior
Medulla
regulates heartrate, breathing, etc
Pons
regulates sleep
Cerebellum
involved in physical coordination
Midbrain
involved in control of some motor activities, especially those related to fighting and sex
Forebrain
more recently evolved—location of most sensory, emotional, and cognitive processes; largest brain region
contains Limbic system
Limbic system
central to the regulation of emotion and learning as well as responsible for linking the midbrain with the hindbrain. (Thalamus + Hypothalamus)
Thalamus
Receives and integrates sensory info
Hypothalamus
Controls basic biological urges - eating, drinking, sexual activity
Parietal lobe
located on the top back portion of the head, receives and integrates sensory information and is related to spatial reasoning
Temporal lobe
located beneath the frontal and parietal lobes, processes smell and sounds, regulates emotions, and is involved in learning, memory, and language
Nervous system (central and peripheral)
Central: brain, spinal cord Peripheral: connections leading from the brain to the muscles, sensory systems, bodily organs, including voluntary nervous system and involuntary or autonomic nervous system Autonomic NS (made up of sympathetic and parasympathetic)
Attributions
related to the perceived causes or people’s beliefs about the cause and effect relationship
Contingency management
controlling the rewards and punishments for behaviors
of interest; most effective when the therapist has control over the patient’s environment
Rational emotive therapy (RET)
challenges a client’s irrational beliefs. In contrast to
cognitive therapy, clients are directly challenged through disputation in the therapy session.
Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)
Part of 3rd wave CBT movement - emphasizes mindfulness—increased awareness of feelings, thoughts, and motivations
