Chapters 32-36 Flashcards
Special cell, sends and receives information
Neuron
Parts of the neuron: \_\_\_\_\_ receive information \_\_\_\_\_ sends information \_\_\_\_\_ gap between neurons \_\_\_\_\_ protective sheath around axon
dendrites
axon
synapse
myelin
The _____ nervous system (brain and spinal cord) is protected by:
- connected tissue called _____
- the bony skull (brain)
- vertebra (spinal cord)
central
meninges
The three layers of the _____:
- pia mater
- arachnoid mater
- dura mater
meninges
Space between pia mater and arachnoid mater is filled with _____
cerebral spinal fluid
Controls the voluntary movement of muscles
- gives meaning to information received from eyes, ears, nose, taste buds, and sensory receptors in the skin
- allows us to speak, remember, think, and feel emotions
cerebum
The right and left hemispheres:
- communicate with each other
- are connected by a structure called the
corpus callosum
The diencephalon:
- the _____ sorts out the impulses that arrive via the spinal cord from other parts of the body
- sends them to the correct part of the cerebrum
thalamus
- controls body temp, fluid balance, appetite, sleep cycles, and some of the emtions
- regulates pituitary gland
hypothalamus
The ____ connects the spinal cord to the brain and has 3 parts:
- midbrain
- pons
- medulla
Controls respiration, heart best, and blood pressure
brain stem
The ____ helps coordinate the brains commands to the muscles, allowing for smooth and orderly movement
cerebellum
The ____ is the main connection between the brain and the rest of the body
spinal cord
Pathways of the nerve tissue in the spinal cord called ____ carry messages to and from the body
tracts
_____ tracts carry information from the peripheral nervous system to the brain
_____ tracts carry information from the brain to the peripheral nervous system
ascending
descending
Part of the peripheral nervous system, carry information from the internal organs and the outside world, to the spinal cord and up to the brain
sensory nerves
Part of the peripheral nervous system, carries commands from the brain down the spinal cord, to the muscles and organs of the body
motor nerves
The _____ regulates what is going on within the body and make adjustments as necessary to keep things within the range of normal (homeostasis)
nervous system
When the central nervous system detects an imbalance, a special part of the peripheral nervous system, called the _____ is activated
autonomic system
The ____ nervous system starts actions or speeds things up (fight or flight)
sympathetic nervous system
The _____ stops those actions or slows them back down
parasympathetic nervous system
The ____ allows us to interact with the world around us
nervous system
The amount of _____ surrounding the axons decreases reducing the speed of the nerve conduction by 10%
myelin
_____ imbalances can interfere with the ability of nerve impulse to travel across a synapse, slowing conduction
neurotransmitter
Temporary episodes of dysfunction caused by a decreased blood flow to the brain
-takes 24 hours to completely recover
transient ischemic attacks
Common symptoms of ____:
- dizziness
- nausea
- blurry or loss of vision
- double vision
- paralysis on one side of body or face without loss of sensation
- inability to speak or swallow
TIA
Also known as a brain attack or cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
Occurs when blood flow to a part of the brain is completely blocked causing tissue to die
stroke
Possible signs of _____:
- personality changes
- drooping of the eyelid or corner of the mouth
- slurring of speech
- paralysis
- severe headache
- loss of consciousness
stroke
_____ is most often caused by a blood clot that blocks flow to part of the brain, or cerebral hemorrhage
- smoking
- atherosclerosis
- hypertension
- daibetes
stroke
Effects of ____:
- hemiplegia
- aphasia
- expressive aphasia
- receptive aphasia
stroke
Paralysis on one side of the body
hemiplegia
A general term for a group of disorders that affect the persons ability to communicate with others
aphasia
Inability to speak or form sounds into meaningful words
expressive aphasia
Inability to understand the meaning of words
receptive aphasia
A neurotransmitter called dopamine is not produced in sufficient amount
The brains instructions regarding muscle movement never reach the muscle
Progressive disease
Parkinsons Disease
The effects of _____:
- T: tremor
- R: rigidity
- A: akinesia-lack of movement
- P: postural instability-unable to maintain balance
parkinsons disease
- muscles become weaker and rigid
- person may walk with a shuffling,leaning gait
- hard for person to stop walking
- skin disorders
- sleep disturbances
- incontinence
- dementia
- immobility
Effects of _____
parkinsons disease
Characterized by chronic seizure activity
Causes:
-head injury
-brain infection
-stroke
-difficult birth resulting in the infant not receiving enough oxygen
-sometimes never determined
epilepsy
Characterized by generalized and violent contractions and relaxation of the bodys muscles
grand mal seizures
Seizures are mild and hardly noticeable
petit mal (absence)
Auto immune disorder
Immune system attacks and destroys the myelin sheaths that protect the nerves, resulting in faulty transmission of nerve impulses
Nerves in hands, feet, and eyes are usually affected first
Muscle weakness, tingling sensations, twitching of the eyes, and visual disturbances may be early signs
-paralysis in end stage
multiple sclerosis
______ has no cure, has meds to slow process
-one reasons young people become residents in long term care facility
MS
Also known as ALS or Lou Gehrigs disease
- nerves are destroyed, resulting in progressive muscle weakness
- late stage person is totally paralyzed yet their mind remains sharp
- terminal illness
Amyptrophic Lateral Sclerosis
- Deep state of unconsiousness from which person cannot be aroused
- Recovery depends on cause and person
- Totally dependent on others for all care
coma and persistent vegetative state
- May be related to birth defects, trauma, or tumors
- type depends on location and severity of injury
spinal cord injury
Paralysis from the neck down
quadriplegia
Paralysis from the waist down
paraplegia
Helps us to understand and interact with the world around us Helps protect us from harm Sense organs: -eyes -ears -nose -tastes buds -touch
sensory system
Part of nervous system, consists of sensory receptors
- specialized cells or groups of cells associated with a sensory nerve
- converts a stimulus into a nerve impulse, which is then sent to the brain for interpretation, via the sensory nerve
sensory system
Receptors that are responsible for general sense, such as touch, position, and pain, located throughout the body
general sense
Receptors that are responsible for special sense such as sight, hearing, taste, and smell located in the specific sense organs
special sense
Sense of touch is made possible by ______ found in skin
-some allows us to sense pressure, known as deep touch
tactile receptors
Intolerance to prolonged pressure makes us shift our ____
- found in the muscles, tendons, and joints
- keep the brain informed about the position of various body parts
- relay information to the brain about the degree of muscle contraction, especially when the muscle is contracting against resistance
position receptors
The bodies distress signal
- referred to as the fifth vital sign
- free nerve endings in the skin and the tissues of our internal organs allow us to detect ____
pain
