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Nursing Assistant > Chapters 27-31 > Flashcards

Chapters 27-31 Flashcards

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1
Q

_____ is the study of

  • what body parts look like
  • how big they are
  • where they are located
  • how they connect to other body parts
A

anatomy

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2
Q

_____ is the study of how the body parts work

A

physiology

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3
Q

The levels of organization that makes up each ____ are

  • cells
  • tissues
  • organs
  • organ system
A

organism

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4
Q 
The basic unit of life, can only be seen with a microscope
Capable of :
-organization 
-metabolism
-growth
-reproduction
A

cells

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5
Q

_____ help the cell to make the energy it needs to stay alive and to rid itself of waste products

A

organelles

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6
Q

The organelles float in a jelly-like substance called _____

A

cytoplasm

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7
Q

The _____ of the cell is like the cells brain, it contains all the information the cell needs to do its job, grow, and reproduce

A

nucleus

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8
Q

A ______ surrounds the cytoplasm and gives the cell its shape

A

cell membrane

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9
Q

When cells that are similar in structure and specialized to perform a specific function join together, they form ____

A

tissue

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10
Q

There are ____ main types of tissue in the human body

A

four

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11
Q

_______ lines the inside of the blood vessels, the abdominal cavity, and the chest cavity

  • the purpose is for protection, covers the outside of the body, lines its internal structures, forms glands
  • covers the lungs and heart
A

epithelial tissue

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12
Q

______ forms the mucous membrane that line the

  • digestive tract
  • respiratory tract
  • urinary tract
  • reproductive tract
A

epithelial tissue

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13
Q

Connects other tissues together, supports and forms the framework for all of the body parts, example:

  • bone
  • cartilage
  • ligaments
  • tendons
  • fatty tissues
A

connective tissue

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14
Q

_____ is also considered a form of connective tissue

A

blood

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15
Q

3 types of muscle tissue :

A

skeletal

smooth

cardiac

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16
Q

Attaches to the bones and allows for movement of the various parts of the body
-voluntary

A

skeletal muscle

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17
Q

Found in the walls of the blood vessels, stomach, intestines, bladder, and other hollow organs
-involuntary

A

smooth muscle

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18
Q

Forms the heart, contraction and relaxation of this muscle pumps blood throughout the body
-involuntary

A

cardiac muscle

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19
Q

Conducts information, forms the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
Allows one part of the body to talk to another part
-nerves carry information to the brain to be processed and interpreted
-the brain sends commands to other parts of the body through the nerves

A

nervous tissue

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20
Q

______ includes the skin, glands, hair, nails

-it protects the body

A

integumentary system

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21
Q

A group of tissues functioning together for a similar purpose form an _____

A

organ

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22
Q

Group of organs that work together to perform a specific body function for the body

A

organ system

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23
Q

Includes the bones

-function is to provide a frame for the body and give the body shape

A

skeletal system

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24
Q

Includes the muscles

-works along with the skeletal system to enable the body to move

A

muscular system

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25
Q

`Includes the lungs and airways

  • allows for exchange of gases with the environment
  • allows us to take in oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide, a waste product of cellular metabolism
A

respiratory system

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26
Q

Includes the blood, heart, blood vessels

  • transports nutrients and oxygen to the cells of the body
  • carries waste products away from the cells
A

cardiovascular system

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27
Q

Includes the brain, spinal cord, nerves

  • controls the functioning of the other organ systems
  • allows us to interact with our environment through the special senses
A

nervous system

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28
Q

Consists of glands throughout the body

  • glands secretes chemical substances called hormones
  • hormones control the function of certain organs
A

endocrine system

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29
Q

The _____ includes the teeth, salivary glands, tongue, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas, and gallbladder

  • take in food and water
  • digest food into nutrients
  • absorb the nutrients into the bloodstream
  • remove solid waste from the body in the form of feces
A

digestive system

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30
Q

The _____ consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra
-removes liquid waste from the body in the form of urine

A

urinary system

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31
Q

The ______ consists of the sex organs, such as the ovaries, testes, and accessory organs

  • allows the human body to produce new life
  • without a means of reproduction, human life cease to exist
A

reproductive system

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32
Q

All of the organ systems work together to maintain _____ or balance

  • means staying the same
  • when the external or internal environment changes, the organ systems must make adjustments to compensate for the change
A

homeostasis

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33
Q

______ are believed to play a role in approximately half of all illness, caused by pathogens

A

infectious diseases

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34
Q

_____ occur when the tissues of the body wear out

  • arthritis
  • muscular dystrophy
  • osteoporosis
  • Alzheimers disease

They can be inherited, or caused by infection, injury, or aging

A

degenerative diseases

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35
Q

These disorders occur when a persons diet

  • lacks certain nutrients
  • has too much of any one nutrient (vitamins)
  • has too many calories

ex: obesity

A

nutritional disorders

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36
Q

____ occur when

  • the body is unable to metabolize or absorb certain nutrients
  • the body secretes either too much of one type of hormone or not enough

Ex: diabetes

A

metabolic disorders

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37
Q

_____ change the way the immune system behaves

  • sometimes as in AIDS, the disease reduces the immune systems ability to flight off infection
  • can cause body to start attacking its own tissues
A

immune disorders

38
Q

The word neoplasm means new growth, cancers or tumors are neoplasms

  • can cause problems by invading otherwise healthy tissues
  • the presence of the new growth prevents the tissues from functioning properly
A

neoplastic diseases

39
Q

Mental disorder that affect a persons ability to function normally, such as depression, are also considered diseases

A

psychiatric disorders

40
Q

Largest organ of the body-skin

  • approximately 22 sq ft, 8 to 10 lbs
  • function is to cover and protect the body
  • can give clues to what is going on inside
    • jaundice
    • pallor (pale)
    • flushing (redness)
    • cyanosis
A

integumentary system

41
Q

The skin is made up of two layers
The ____ is the outer layer of the skin
The ____ is the deepest layer of the skin

A

epidermis

dermis

42
Q

Thickest on the soles of the feet and the palms of the hands
Very thin in areas such as the eyelids
-contains no blood vessels

A

epidermis

43
Q

The epidermis has two sublayers

  • a deep layer where the new cells are produced
  • produces ____ and ____
  • a surface layer
A

keratin

melanin

44
Q

_____ causes cells to

  • thicken
  • become resistant to water

____ is a dark pigment that

  • gives our skin, hair, and eye color
  • helps to protect the skin from exposure to sunlight
A

keratin

melanin

45
Q
  • Consist of elastic connective tissue that allow it to stretch and move without damage
  • Rest on a layer of fat called the subcutaneous tissue
A

dermis

46
Q
  • blood vessels and nerves that supply the skin originate in the subcutaneous tissue and send branches into the ___
  • the sensory receptors that allow us to feel pressure, pain, and temperature are located in the ____
  • the sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and the hair follicles are also found in the ____
A

dermis

47
Q

The skins ______ include:

  • sebaceous glands
  • sweat galnds
  • hair
  • nails
A

accessory structures

48
Q

Secrete sebum, an oily substance that :

  • lubricates the skin
  • helps to prevent it from drying out
  • helps to protect the skin from harmful bacteria that may be present on its surface
  • is slightly acidic
A

sebaceous glands

49
Q
  • are found in the skin that covers most parts of our bodies
  • produce a thin, watery liquid that contains salt and small amounts of other bodily wastes
  • help cool the body through the process of evaporation
A

eccrine glands

50
Q
  • are found in the skin of the armpits and the perineum
  • produce a thicker substance
  • produce what we know as body odor
  • become active when a person reaches puberty
  • become less active as we age
A

apocrine glands

51
Q

The bodys first line of defense against the invasion of harmful microbes is _____

The ____ is a physical barrier that prevents microbes from entering the body
-offers protection against harmful substances that may be encountered in the environment

A

intact skin

skin

52
Q

The skin helps to maintain the bodys ____ by preventing excessive loss or absorption of water
-being water-resistant, skin forms a protective barrier between your internal organs and the outside world

A

fluid balance

53
Q

When a person gets warm

  • blood vessels in the dermis of the skin ____, allowing more blood to flow close to the surface of the skin
  • the heat contained in the blood radiates out from the body, ____ the temperature of the blood
  • The cooled blood then travels back to the central areas of the body, thus ____ the body temp
A

dilate

lowering

lowering

54
Q

When a person gets cold

  • blood vessels in the dermis of the skin ____, causing less blood to flow close to the surface of the skin
  • the blood remains in the ____, central areas of the body, minimizing the amount of heat lost to the outside environment
A

constrict

warmer

55
Q

Skin contains millions of _____ that allow us to detect pain, pressure, temperature, and touch

Skin produces ____ when exposed to the sun

Skin is an active ____ that is capable of

  • removing substances from the body
  • taking substances into the body
A

sensory receptors

vitamin D

organ

56
Q

Wrinkles form due to the loss of _____, a protein that supports connective tissue
-thinning of the adipose fatty tissue with age

A

collagen

57
Q

Age spots or liver spots are caused by deposits of ____ in certain areas such as the back of the hands or on the face

A

melanin

58
Q

Skin becomes fragile and dry due to loss of ____ from the dermis

  • the subcutaneous layer thins
  • skin becomes thinner, more fragile, and more prone to injury
A

collagen

59
Q

_____ in blood flow to the dermis

  • cells of the epidermis do not replace themselves as rapidly
  • skin takes longer to heal itself when an injury occurs
  • person is more at risk for developing an infection
A

decrease

60
Q

Number of sebaceous glands ____ with age

  • the output of sebum decreases leading to drying of the skin
  • risk for skin tears and injuries increases
  • bacteria that normally live on the surface of our skin have more chance to cause trouble
A

decrease

61
Q

An older person is at risk for heat related problems such as _____

A

heat stroke

62
Q

_____ also known as decubitus ulcers or bed sores form when

  • part of persons body presses against surface for a long period of time
  • person is lying on wrinkled bed linens or on an object in the bed
  • person sits on bedpan for a long period of time
  • person wears a splint or brace
  • skin breakdown leads to the formation
  • likely to form over bony prominences
A

pressure ulcers

63
Q

____ is tissue death as a result of a lack of oxygen

The necrotic skin and underlying tissue peel off or break open creating an open sore

  • weight of persons body squeezes the soft tissue between the bone and the surface the person is resting on
  • blood to the tissue is disrupted
  • lack of blood to the tissue deprives the tissue of oxygen and nutrients, causing it to die
A

necrosis

64
Q
  • reddened area of the skin that does not return to normal color after pressure is removed
  • area becomes very pale or white and develop a shiny appearance
  • if skin stays red, feels hot to the touch or is painful report to nurse
A

stage 1 pressure ulcer

65
Q
  • looks like blister, an abrasion, or a shallow crater
  • epidermis peels away or cracks open creating a portal of entry for microbes
  • dermis may be partially worn away
A

stage 2 pressure ulcer

66
Q
  • epidermis and dermis are gone
  • subcutaneous fat may be visible in the crater
  • drainage from the wound may occur
A

stage 3 pressure ulcer

67
Q

-the crater of damaged tissue extends from the tissues to the muscle or bone

A

stage 4 pressure ulcer

68
Q

An injury that results in a break in the skin (and usually underlying tissues)

  • planned surgical and medical procedures
  • trauma
  • pressure ulcers
  • burns
A

wounds

69
Q

A _____ is a result of planned surgical or medical intervention

  • IV insertion
  • surgical incision
  • precautions taking to minimize risk of infection
  • edges clean and even closed with staples or sutures
A

intentional wound

70
Q

An _____ is an unexpected injury that usually results from some type of trauma

  • falls
  • car accidents
  • gun and knife violence

Can be open or closed

A

unintentional wound

71
Q 
If \_\_\_\_ is left open 
-increased risk of infection and scar tissue
-takes longer to heal
 Closed
-minimizes risk of infection
-reduces scarring
A

wound

72
Q
  • open wounds are closed surgically with sutures or staples
  • helps speed up healing
  • minimizes scarring
A

first-intention wound healing

73
Q
  • infected or contaminated with dirt wounds may be cleaned and rinsed and left open to heal from the inside out
  • results in a wider more noticeable scar
  • prevents an unresolved infection from delaying the wound healing process
A

second-intention wound healing

74
Q
  • a wound is left open for a period of time to make sure that an infection is not going to occur
  • wound edges are cleaned and closed with sutures or staples to speed the healing process
A

third-intention wound healing

75
Q

Allows frequent dressing changes without tape

A

montgomery ties

76
Q
  • wound is covered with foam like dressing
  • tubing embedding in foam
  • all covered with transparent adhesive film
  • end of tubing connected to vacuum
  • creates suction which removes drainage from wound
  • stimulates blood flow and new tissue growth in wound
A

vacuum assisted closure therapy (VAC)

77
Q

____ cause injury to the epidermis

  • sunburns, hot stove burns
  • associated redness and pain usually goes away after a few days
A

superficial (first-degree) burns

78
Q

____ penetrate into the dermis of the skin

  • blisters
  • very painful and the loss of epidermis increases the risk of infection
A

partial thickness (second degree) burns

79
Q

____ involve the epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous layer, underlying muscles and bines

  • tx include surgery and skin grafts to heal
  • high infection rates
  • scarring can cause disfigurement and contractures of extremities
A

full thickness (third degree) burns

80
Q

Any break in the skin

A

lesion

81
Q

Lesions occurring in a group localized or systemic

ex: shingles

A

rash

82
Q

Inflammation of the skin

A

dermatitis

83
Q

Type of chronic dermatitis, severe itching, scaling, and crusting of the surface of the skin

A

eczema

84
Q

Redness of the skin

A

erythema

85
Q

Small, flat, reddened lesions that often looks like freckles

A

macules

86
Q

Small, raised, firm, lesions

A

papules

87
Q

Small, blister like lesions that contain watery clear fluid

A

vesicles

88
Q

Vesicles that contain pus, which is thick yellowish fluid that is a sign of infection

A

pustules

89
Q

An ____ is an abrasion or a scraping away of the surface of skin
-caused by trauma, chemicals, burns, urine or feces

A

excoriation

90
Q

Crack in the skin

A

fissure

91
Q

An _____ is a shallow crater that is formed when the tissue dies and the dead tissue is shed, leaving a crater behind

A

ulcer

Nursing Assistant (8 decks)

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