Chapters 24-26 Flashcards
During conversion process of food into energy through metabolism, waste material are created, the body eliminates waste in two forms the _____ and _____
urinary system
digestive system
Filters waste products from blood to form urine
urinary system
Separates solid waste from food to form feces
digestive system
Some pts may only need a ______ to lean on during their trip to the bathroom, other will need more help
Bathrooms in many health care facilities have a special features that make then easier for people with physical disabilities to use, minimizing the amount of assistance the pt will need
steady arm
Some pts may not be able to get out of bed at all, or they may be too weak or ill to walk to the bathroom, these people may need to use:
______
______
______
bedside commode
bedpan
urinals
For a person who is able to get out of bed but not able to walk
Consist of a chair frame with a toilet seat and a removable collection bucket
bedside commode
Used for elimination when a person is unable to get out of bed at all
-used for men and woman for urine and bowel movements
bedpan
When using a bedpan is uncomfortable or dangerous, a special bedpan called a ______ is used
-place under the pt with the thin edge towards the persons back
fracture pan
- warm metal bedpan by wrapping it in a warm towel or running warm water over the seat
- apply a small amount of powder to the rim to make easier to slide
- provide privacy
- raise head of bed to promote natural elimination position
useful tips for bedpan and fracture pans
The most effective method of treating urinary and bowel problems is _____
- encourage plenty of fluids
- answer call lights
- encourage person to call when they first feel the urge
- offer the chance to eliminate every 2 hrs
- provide privacy
prevention
Before collecting any specimen be sure you are _____ on the proper procedure before proceeding
clear
For ______, the person is asked to urinate directly into the specimen cup. If difficult the person can urinate into a specimen collection device
-the person must not have a bowel movement at the same time, do not place toilet paper in collection device, because it can change the results
routine urinalysis
This method of collecting urine prevents contamination of urine by the bacteria that normally live in and around the urethra
- usually order when urinary infection is suspected
- the person cleans the area around the urethral opening with a cleansing wipe
- urine starts to flow, then stopped, then started again
- the urine is collected from the restarted flow
midstream (clean catch)
A type of _______ involves dipping chemically treated paper strips into a urine sample
- chemicals on the paper react with certain substances that may be found in the urine, causing the chemical blocks on the paper to change color if the substances are present in the urine
- the paper is then compared with a color chart that comes with the strips
routine urine testing
Examination of the urine under a microscope and by chemical means
urinalysis
_____ is analyzed for the presence of blood, pathogens (such as parasites or bacteria), fat, and other things that are not normally found in feces
- person should be notified well in advance
- can be collected in a bedpan, commode, or collection device
- person must not void at the same time, or place toilet paper in collection
stool
The ______ consists of the kidneys, urinary bladder, ureters, and urethra
In healthy people urine is
- clear without cloudiness or particles
- pale yellow, straw colored or dark gold (amber) in color, with a slight odor
urinary system
Blood is filtered by the _____, forming urine
The urine is stored in the _____
As the bladder fills, we begin to feel the urge to _____
Urine leaves the body through the _____
kidneys
bladder
urinate
urethra
A slight red tinge may indicate _____, presence of blood in the urine
hematuria
Many factors influence a persons ______:
- amount of fluids the person drinks
- types of meds the person takes
- persons age
- persons lifelong elimination habits
urinary pattern
_____ is the term used to describe voiding that occurs more than usual
frequency
Frequency is often accompanied by a feeling of _____, or the need to urinate immediately
urgency
_____ is the need to get up more than once or twice during the night, to the point where sleep is disrupted
nocturia
______ is difficulty voiding that may or may not be associated with pain
- burning or cramping sensation
- often associated with bladder infections, prostate problems, and some STDs
dysuria
In a person maintaining a _____, urine output is neither too high nor too low, complications associated with urine output are:
- oliguria
- polyuria
- anuria
good fluid balance
The state of voiding a very small amount of urine over a given period of time
oliguria
The state of excessive urine output
polyuria
The state of voiding less than 100 mL of urine over the course of 24 hours
anuria
______ is done when a person is unable to urinate using a toilet, bedpan, urinal, or bedpan commode
A tube that is inserted into the bladder by a nurse through the urethra to allow the urine in the bladder to drain out
urinary catheterization
Also known as a Robinson, Rob Nel, or Red Rubber catheter, is used when the catheter is to be inserted and removed immediately
straight catheter
Also known as a retention or Foley catheter, is left inside the bladder to provide continuous urine drainage
-connected by a length of tubing to a urine drainage bag
indwelling catheter
A type of indwelling catheter inserted into the bladder through a surgical incision made in the abdominal wall right above the pubic bone
suprapubic catheter
______ are used in many different ways:
- to drain bladder before or during surgery, during recovery from injury or illness, to collect urine for testing
- if person is incontinent, has wounds or pressure ulcers that would be made worse by contact with urine
- when unable to urinate because of an obstruction in the urethra
catheters
Catheter care involves thorough cleaning of the perineal area and the catheter tubing that extends outside of the body, to prevent infection
-because bacteria can be introduced into the body both when a urinary catheter is inserted and after it is place, _____ in catheterized people are one of the most common nosocomial infections
UTIs
Use of an indwelling catheter can lead to temporary urinary _____, when the catheter is removed because of lack of activity can decrease the muscle tone of the bladder
To prepare the bladder for removal, it is common to clamp the tubing of the catheter for a period of time to allow the urine to fill the bladder
incontinence
The inability to hold ones urine, or the involuntary loss of urine from the bladder
urinary incontinence
- result of bladder infection
- after indwelling catheter that had been in for a long time
temporary urinary incontinence
- decreased muscle tone in the bladder or the muscles that support the bladder, such as occurs after childbirth or from obesity
- injuries or illnesses that affect the spinal cord, the brain, or the nerves that control bladder function
- dementia
permanent urinary incontinence
The involuntary release of urine from the bladder when the person coughs, sneezes, or exerts herself
stress incontinence
The involuntary release of urine right after feeling a strong urge to void
urge incontinence
Occurs in the absence of physical or nervous system problems affecting the urinary tract
functional incontinence
Occurs when the bladder is too full of urine
-associated with urinary retention which is the inability of the bladder to empty either completely during urination or at all
overflow incontinence
Occurs when there is damage to the nerves that enable the person to control urination
reflex incontinence
Consists of a soft plastic or rubber sheath, tubing, and a collection bag for urine, the sheath is placed over the penis and the collection bag is attached to the leg
condom catheter
____ is commonly used to help people re-learn how to control their urinary elimination patterns
-primary goal is for the person to be able to control involuntary urination
bladder training
The ____ consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus
digestive tract
The _____ is actually part of the large intestine
-the large and small intestines are referred to as ____
rectum
bowels
The food and fluids that we take in are broken down into smaller pieces and mixed together in the stomach, forming a partially digested food and fluid mixture known as ____
chyme
From the stomach, the chyme passes slowly into the ____, where more digestion occurs and nutrients and fluid are absorbed and then it passes into the ____
small intestine
large intestine
Wave-like muscular movements called ____ move the chyme through the intestines
Finally, the chyme reaches the last part of the large intestine called the _____
At this point, all of the nutrients have been removed and what remains is a small solid waste material called ____
Feces in the rectum stimulates the urge to _____
____ is a natural by product of digestion
peristalsis
rectum
feces
defecate
flatus
Passage of liquid, unformed stool
diarrhea
Occurs when the feces remain in the intestines for too long
-delay allows too much fluid to be reabsorbed by the intestines, resulting in hard, dry feces that are difficult to pass
constipation
Medication that chemically stimulates peristalsis to move the fecal material through at a faster pace
laxative
Help to keep fluid in the feces, used to help prevent constipation for some people
stool softeners
Tablets or drink additives that can add bulk to the feces, causing it to hold fluid, and preventing constipation
fiber supplements
Occurs when constipation is not relieved
- feces build up in the rectum, become harder and harder as more and more fluid is absorbed, until almost impossible to pass the feces normally
- blocks the passage of normal stool, but liquid stool may go around the mass
fecal impaction
Person with an ____ is usually very uncomfortable, may complain of abdominal or rectal pain or of liquid feces seeping out of the anus
- abdomen may be swollen
- decreased appetite, nausea, and vomiting
impaction
Presence of excessive amounts of flatus in the intestines, causing abdominal distension and discomfort
- lack of activity or a recent surgical procedure can cause it
- walking may help pass it
- positioning pt on the left side may help
- rectal tube may help relieve
flatulence
Inability to hold ones feces, or the involuntary loss of feces from the bowel
-can be temporary or permanent
fecal incontinence
Temporary _____ may be due to:
- severe case of diarrhea
- inability to get to the bathroom quickly enough
- failure to answer call lights promptly
fecal incontinence
______ promotes regular, controlled bowel movements
-keeping track of bowel movements, offering commode or bedpan
bowel training
An _______ is the introduction of fluid into the large intestine by way of the anus for the purpose of removing stool from the rectum
- relieve constipation
- relieve fecal impactions
- empty the intestine of fecal material before surgery or certain diagnostic tests
- part of bowel training
enema
Primarily used to remove feces from the lower large intestine
_____ help soften the stool and stimulate peristalsis
____ consist of water and a small amount of a very gentle soap called castile soap, solution irritates the lining of the bowel and stimulates peristalsis
These type of enemas can cause fluid imbalance
cleansing enemas
tap water enemas
soapsuds enemas
Contains mineral, olive, or cottonseed oil
- oil lubricates the inside of the intestine and any stool that is present, making the stool easier to pass or remove
- useful for helping to remove fecal impactions
oil retention enemas
Prepared and packaged enemas usually contain 120 mL of a solution that irritates the intestinal mucosa to promote peristalsis
commercial enemas
When given a pt an enema the pt should be placed on the left side in a _____ position
Sim’s
- entire large intestine is surgically removed
- ileum is attached to abdominal wall
- new opening created to allow passage of feces
ileostomy
- part of large intestine still present
- remaining part attached to abdominal wall
- may be temporary or permanent
colostomy
An artificial opening called a ______, is made in the abdominal wall and the remaining potion of the intestine is connected to it
stoma
A ______ is an illness or condition for which there is no cure
terminal illness
Stages of _____ are:
- denial
- anger
- bargaining
- depression
- acceptance
grief
Mental anguish, specifically associated with loss
grief
Occurs when a person is told he or she has a terminal illness
- helps person emotionally from overwhelming grief
- stage can last for a few minutes or until the person dies
denial
Occurs when person realizes actually going to die
anger
Typically done on a very private basis by individual
-person may want to make a deal with GOD
bargaining
Occurs when a person fully realizes that death will be the end result of the illness
depression
When person comes to terms with the realty of impending death
-finally at peace with this knowledge
acceptance
Throughout the grieving process, the one thing that usually persists is _____
-helps person face another day or tx
hope
A _____ is a legal statement that expresses a persons wishes for the management of his or her affairs after death
-person needs to be competent and of sound and mind for document to be valid
will
If you are asked to sign a will as a _____, your signature means
- you saw the person sign the document
- to the best of your knowledge the document accurately expresses that persons wishes
- do not sign will if you are the benefactor
witness
A document where a person makes his wishes regarding health care known
Made in case the time comes when he is no longer able to make those wishes known himself
-living wills
-durable powers of attorney for health care
advance directive
A _____ requests that death not be artificially postponed
living will
A ________ transfers the responsibility for handling a persons affairs and making medical decisions to a family member, friend, or other trusted person in the event that the person is no longer able to make these decisions on his own behalf
durable power of attorney for health care
Treatments that sustain life
- respiratory ventilation
- CPR
- feeding tube or IV line for nutrition
life-sustaining treatments
Offers treatments that that will not prolong life, but will make a person more comfortable
supportive care
Focuses on relieving uncomfortable symptoms, not curing the problem that is causing the symptoms
palliative care
_____ occurs when all vital body functions stop
A person is declared _____ when no brain activity is shown for a period of time specified by the law, usually 24 hours or more
biological death
brain dead
Irregular, shallow breaths
Alternating fast slow pattern
-fluid or mucus may collect in the air passages, causing the noisy rattling breathing called death rattle
Cheyne-Stokes respiration
- nausea
- vomiting
- abdominal swelling
- fecal impaction or incontinence
- person may not want food
- offer ice chips
- provide oral care
_____ system changes
digestive
- kidneys respond to the lack of blood flow and produce less urine
- person may become incontinent of urine
_____ system changes
urinary
- decreased muscle tone and sensation
- muscles relax and person becomes weak
- loss of speech
- sensation in arms and legs may be lost, pain may diminish
- blurred vision
- hearing usually remains normal until death
_____ system changes
nervous
Care of a person body after the person death
- culture and religious beliefs often dictate how the body is to be cared for after death and by whom
- it is necessary to keep the body in proper alignment and to prevent skin damage and discoloration
postmortem care
The stiffening of the muscles that usually develops within 2 to 4 hours of death
-difficult to reposition body afterwards
rigor mortis
Examination of the persons organs and tissues after the person has died
-need families permission
autopsy
