Chapters 3-4 Flashcards
As the Earth revolves around the Sun what angle is it tilted at in relation to the sun
23.5° angle
How does Earth’s Tilt affect seasons and weather
Because of the Earth’s revolution and it’s still different parts of the earth received the direct rays of sun for more hours of the day at certain times of the year
What marks the points farthest north and south that the sun rays shine directly overhead at noon
The two lines of latitude the Tropic tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn
What is solstice
The day when the sun’s Ray shine directly overhead at noon
In the northern hemisphere what is the longest state of the year
The summer solstice or the beginning of Summer
In the northern hemisphere what is the shortest day
The winter solstice which marks the beginning of winter
Twice a year the days and nights all over the world are equal in length and mark the beginning of Spring and Autumn
Equinox
What is weather
The condition of the atmosphere at a particular location and time
What is climate
Weather conditions at a particular location over a long period of time
What causes the weather
Water vapor, cloud cover, landforms and bodies of water, elevation, air movement
Landforms and bodies of water
Water heat slowly but also loses heat slowly land Heats rapidly but loses heat quickly as well
Elevation
As elevation above sea level increases air becomes thinner and loses its ability to hold moisture
Air movement
When’s movie air and the solar energy and moisture that holds as a result what they can change very rapidly
Orographic precipitation
Falls on the windward side of Hills or mountains that block moist air and force it up where the air cools and rain or snow falls the lands on the leeward side is called a rain shadow because it gets little range from descending dry air
Conventional precipitation
Occurs in hot moist climates where the sun quickly heats the air that heated air rises and by afternoon clouds form and rainfalls
Frontal precipitation
A front is a boundary between two air masses of different temperatures or density brain or snow occurs when lighter warm air is push upward by the colder than their air the rising air cools water vapor condenses and precipitation Falls
Convection
The transfer of heat in the atmosphere by upward motion of the air
Global wind patterns
Hot air flows toward the poles and the cold air moves toward the equator
Ocean currents
Warm water flows away from the equator towards the poles and the cold water flows back toward the equator
Three zones of latitude
Low or tropical, middle or temperate, and high or polar
Tropical zones
Found on either side of the Equator extend to the Tropic of Cancer in the Northern Hemisphere and the Tropic of Capricorn in the southern hemisphere hot all year long
High latitude zones
Encircle the North and South Pole, cold all year
Altitude
As altitude increases the air temperature drops gets colder
El Nino abnormal
Dry air descendants and droughts occur in Australia and Asia, warm water moves eastward, producing rain and flooding in parts of North and South America
La Nina normal
Dry air descends and droughts occur in North and South America, warm water moves westward, producing rain and flooding in Australia and Asia
Topsoil
World’s food supply depends on the top six inches of soil
Ecosystem
An interdependent community of plants and animals
Broadleaf (Deciduous) trees
Maple Oak Birch and Cottonwood
Needleleaf (Conniferous) trees
Cone bearing trees such as pine, fur, and Cedar
What is culture
The total knowledge attitudes and behavior shared by and passed on by members of a specific group
What is a society
A group that shares a geographic region, a sense of identity, and a culture
What is an ethnic group
A group that shares a language, customs, and a common heritage
What is innovation
Taking existing technology and resources and creating something new to meet a need
What is the diffusion
The spread of ideas, intentions, or patterns of behavior
What is a cultural hearth
A site of innovation from which basic ideas, materials, and Technology diffuse too many cultures
What is acculturation
When a society changes because it accepts or adopts an innovation
Language
3000 to 6500 languages are spoken across the world today
What is a dialect
Changes in speech patterns related to class, region, or other cultural changes
What is religion
Belief in Supernatural powers or in an ultimate Reality
What is monotheistic
Belief in one God
What is polytheistic
Belief in many gods
What is animistic or traditional
Belief in Divine forces in nature
Judaism
Israel, jews, tora, yahweh, 3200 years old
Christianity
Jesus, 2000 years old, largest, Roman catholic, protestant, Eastern Orthodox
Islam
Muhammad, 1400 years old, shites, sunnis, allen, muslims, quran, Jihan
Hinduism
5,000 years old, indo-arians, case systems, Brahmin Divine Spirits with many reincarnations
Buddhism
2,500 years old Indian year Nepal but a Nirvana living right
Birth rate
Number of live births, 1,000 population
Fertility rate
Average number of children a women of childbearing years would have in her lifetime if she could have children at the current rate for her country 2.1 fertility would be necessary for replacement of the current population
Mortality rate
Number of deaths, 1,000 per population
Infant mortality rate
Number of deaths of infants under 1 year, 1,000 live births
Rate of natural increase
Birth rate minus mortality rate
Habitable lands
Almost 2/3 of the world’s population lives in the zone between 20 N degrees and 60 N degrees latitude
Urban
Rural mix currently about half of the world’s population lives in rural area however the percentage is shrinking
Population pyramid
Graphic device that show sex and age distribution of a population
Carrying capacity
Number of organisms a piece of land can support
What is a nation
A group of people with a common culture living in a territory and having a strong sense of unity
What is a state
An independent unit that occupies a specific territory and has full control of its internal and external affairs
Nation-state
When a nation and a state occupy the same territory
Democracy
Citizens hold political power, either directly or through elected representatives
Monarchy
A ruling family headed by a king or queen holds political power and may or may not share the power with citizen bodies
Dictatorship
An individual or group holds complete political power
Socialism
The government controls most of a country’s means of production and the distribution of goods and services. Other aspects of the economy are subject to Market forces
Communism
Government owns and makes all decisions concerning the economy, holds all political power, and determines the distribution of goods and services
Size political geography
Resources and people on which to build military and economic power
National boundaries
Boundaries or border set the limits of the territory controlled by the state
Boundaries
Natural- physical features of the land
Artificial- fixed line generally following latitude or longitude lines
Urban geography
The study of how people use space in cities
Central City
An urban area developed around a main city
Suburbs
Built up area around the Central City which are political units
Metropolitan area
The city, it’s suburbs, an excerpts linked together economically
Megalopolis
When several metropolitan areas grow together
Urbanization
The dramatic rise in the number of cities and the changes in Lifestyles that result
Central business district
Business, high value near CBD, farther away the lower the value of the land
Economy
Consists of the production and exchange of goods and services among a group of people
Traditional economy
Goods and services are traded without exchanging money also called BARTER
Command economy
Production of goods and services is determined by a central government, which usually owns the means of production
Market economy
Production of goods and services is determined by demand from consumers, also called demand economy or capitalism
Mixed economy
Combination of command and muscle economy provide goods and services so that all people will benefit
Primary level of economic activity
Gathering raw materials for immediate use or to use in the making of a final product
Secondary activities
Involve adding value to materials by changing their form
Tertiary activites
Involve providing business or professional services
Quaternary activities
Provide information, management, and Research Services by highly trained people
Natural resources
Materials on or in the Earth, become resources when society had tech/ability to transform those resources into goods
Renewable resources
Resources that can be replaced in natural processes
Non-renewable resources
Resources that cannot be replaced once they have been removed from the ground include metals, fossil fuels, basis of energy production
An exhaustible energy resources
Resources which are used for producing power, are the result of solar or planetary processes and are unlimited in quantity. Example sunlight, geothermal heat,winds, tides
Nations infrastructure
Consists of the basic support systems needed to keep an economy going, including power, communications, transportation, water, sanitation, and education systems
Per capita income
Average amount of money earned by each person in a political unit
Gross national product (GNP)
Total value of all goods and services produced by a country over a specified period of time
Outsourcing
GNP May reflect the value of goods or services produced in one country by a company based in another country
Outsourcing
GNP May reflect the value of goods or services produced in one country by a company based in another country
Gross domestic products (GDP)
Total value of all goods and services produced WITHIN a country in a given period of time
