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Pharmacology > Chapters 26 and 48 > Flashcards

Chapters 26 and 48 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the mechanisms of antibacterial action?

A
  1. inhibition of bacterial cell-wall synthesis
  2. alteration of membrane permeability
  3. inhibition of protein synthesis
  4. inhibition of synthesis of bacterial RNA and DNA
  5. interferenc ewith metabolism within the cell
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2
Q

define bacteriostatic

A

inhibition of bacterial growth

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3
Q

define bactericidal

A

killing of bacteria

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4
Q

what are the body defenses?

A

age, nutrition status, immunoglobulins, WBCs, organ function, and circulatory status

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5
Q

what happens when a bacteria is sensitive to a drug?

A

the pathogen is inhibited or destroyed

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6
Q

what happens if bacteria are resistant to a drug?

A

the pathogen will continue to grow

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7
Q

how would you determine the effect of an antibiotic on any specific organism

A

perform a culture and sensitivity to determine antibiotic susceptibility

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8
Q

what are the three major adverse reactions associated with administration of antibiotics

A
  1. allergy or hypersensitivity
  2. superinfection
  3. organ toxicity
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9
Q

what is a superinfection?

A

secondary infection occurring when normal microbial flora of the body are disturbed during antibiotic therapy
- can occur in the mouth, intestines, respiratory tract, GU tract, skin

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10
Q

what does it mean if an antibiotic is narrow-spectrum?

A

effective against one type of organism

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11
Q

what does that mean if an antibiotic is broad-spectrum?

A

effective against gram-positive and gram-negative organisms

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12
Q

what are the two serious adverse reactions that can occur with mycins (gentamycin)

A

oto- and nephro-toxicity

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13
Q

what side effect causes a patient to be itchy, hot, red, and blotchy after 30 minutes of administration of vancomycin

A

red man syndrome

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14
Q

symptoms of pain and burning upon urination is what possible diagnosis?

A

UTI

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15
Q

patient teaching for sulfonamides should include?

A

increase water intake

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16
Q

what technique determines what organism is causing a specific infection?

A

culture

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17
Q

what is a critical lab function to monitor in a patient with renal failure?

A

creatinine, gfr, bun

18
Q

what is selective toxicity

A

the ability of an antimicrobial to suppress/kill a microbe without injury to the host cell

19
Q

what are the two serious adverse reactions after administering gentamicin

A

ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity

20
Q

what medication is used to treat symptoms of pain and burning with urination?

A

phenazopyridine

21
Q

what education should be included when a patient is prescribed a course of antibiotics?

A

take full course. do not stop taking if you feel better.

22
Q

beginning antibiotic treatment before the pathogen is definitively identified is what type of therapy?

A

empiric therapy

23
Q

what is a critical lab to monitor in a patient with liver cirrhosis

A

AST/ALT

24
Q

what is narrow spectrum?

A

antibiotic primarily effective against one type of organism

25
Q

what side effect is most significant for a patient receiving levofloxacin

A

tendon rupture

26
Q

what antibiotic is primarily used to treat chronic urinary tract infections?

A

nitrofurantoin

27
Q

photosensitivity should include what patient education

A

precautions when in the sun. sun protection.

28
Q

drugs with a narrow therapeutic index require what action to determine if the drug is within therapeutic range?

A

peak and trough

29
Q

tetracyclines is known to cause what side effect in children under 8?

A

staining of the teeth

30
Q

reddish/orange urine is a result of what medication?

A

phenazoepyridine

31
Q

what patient education would you give to a patient if they suspect ototoxicity?

A

“ringing in ears”, or sudden hearing loss

32
Q

antibiotic resistance is a result of what?

A

a strain of bacteria no longer responding to an antibiotic.

33
Q

what critical lab do you check to monitor coagulation

A

PT/INR

34
Q

what mechanism of action is bactericidal?

A

they kill bacteria

35
Q

what is anaphylaxis

A

a severe allergic reaction that results in shortness of breath, swollen airway, bronchospasm, hypotension, and cardiac arrest.

36
Q

symptoms of a superinfection may occur in what areas of the body?

A

mouth, intestines, respiratory tract, genitourinary tract, skin

37
Q

patient education signs and symptoms to watch for a tendon rupture would be?

A

ankle and heel pain

38
Q

reducing medication dosage to preserve renal function is the concept of?

A

renal dosing

39
Q

what diagnostic test would you expect an MD to order for a patient that is short of breath, wheezing, with a productive cough

A

chest x-ray

40
Q

what mechanism of action is bacteriostatic?

A

inhibits bacterial growth

Pharmacology (12 decks)

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