Chapters 2/3 Flashcards
Seven most abundant elements in the universe
Hydrogen helium oxygen neon
Seven most abundant elements on earth
Oxygen silicon aluminum iron
Top 10 elements in the human body
Oxygen carbon hydrogen nitrogen
A charged atom produced by adding or taking away electrons
Ion
A positively charged particle
Cation
A negatively charged particle
Anion
When a compound forms between metals and nonmetals and contains ions; must have a net charge of zero
Ionic compound
Atomic Theory
States that
All matter is composed of atoms
Atoms of a given element are identical
Atoms can’t be subdivided created or destroyed (not true)
Atoms of different elements can combine in ratios to form chemical compounds
In chemical reactions Atoms are combined separated or rearranged
Law of conservation of mass
Mass is neither created nor destroyed in chemical reactions
Law of definite composition
Compound has definite composition in contrast to a mixture
Law of multiple proportions
Elements can form to or more compounds each with a different but definite proportion
J.J. Thomson
Used cathode ray tube to determine the presence of electrons; discovered them
Ernest Rutherford
Conducted a gold foil experiment discovering the existence of a positive nucleus with electrons around it
James Chadwick
Discovered the neutron
Robert Millikan
Calculated the mass of the electron
Diatomic molecules
Hydrogen nitrogen oxygen fluorine chlorine bromine iodine
Democritus
Called particles atoms
John Dalton
Father of the atom; wrote the atomic theory
Different forms of a given element
Allotropes
Law of Conservation of Mass/Matter
In a chemical change matter is neither created nor destroyed
Matter with the same fixed composition and properties
Pure substance
Two or more pure substances together
Mixture
A make sure in which substances aren’t thoroughly mixed
Heterogeneous
A mixture in which substances are thoroughly mixed
Homogeneous/solution
A pure substance made of two or more different elements in a fixed proportion
Compound
Simplest form of matter; consists of one type of atom
Element
Characteristics of a substance (substance doesn’t change)
Physical property
A substances ability to form new substances (only observed when the identity of a substance changes)
Chemical property
Changes that don’t affect the composition of a substance
Physical change
A change in the fundamental components of a substance
Chemical change
Depends upon an amount of a substance
Extensive property
Doesn’t change according to size
Intensive property
Compound breaks down into its elemental components (chemical change)
Decomposition
Method of separating compounds in a mixture by evaporation (physical change)
Distillation
Method of separating compounds using a filter
Filtration
Elements with similar chemical properties that lie in the same column on the periodic table
Groups
Efficiently conduct heat and electricity; malleable, ductile, and lustrous
Metals
Lack properties that characterize metals and show more variation in properties
Nonmetals
Show a mixture of metallic and nonmetallic properties
Metalloids/semimetals
Relatively unreactive metals
Noble metals
Relatively unreactive gases (group 8)
Noble gases
A solution in which water is the solvent
Aqueous solution
Has mass and occupies space; can be broken down
Matter
Made up of atoms that are stuck together
Molecule
