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APES > Chapters 19-20 Test > Flashcards

Chapters 19-20 Test Flashcards

1
Q

How is lichen beneficial in monitoring air quality

A

they absorb air for nourishment, so they warn if it’s bad quality

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2
Q

What happened to the Chernobyl deer?

A

Had to be killed bc they ate highly radioactive lichens

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3
Q

How can lichen help track pollution to its source?

A

They’re widespread, long lived, and stationary

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4
Q

How do the layers of the atmosphere differ?

A

Temperature, pressure, compositions

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5
Q

In what layer is the ozone layer?

A

The stratosphere

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6
Q

What does the ozone layer do?

A

Filter out most of the sun’s harmful radiation

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7
Q

Layers of the atmosphere in order

A

Troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere

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8
Q

Is the thermosphere hot or cold?

A

Hot

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9
Q

What rays of the sun does the ozone absorb

A

UVB and UVC (heats up layer)

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10
Q

What are secondary pollutants

A

Pollutants created w/ aid of sunlight and atmospheric water

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11
Q

The Clean Air Act greatly reduces outdoor air pollution from:

A

Oxides (CO, NOx, SOx), Ozone, suspended particulate matter, and Lead

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12
Q

What is not included in the list of gases omitted in the Clean Air Act?

A

CO2 (also other dioxides)

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13
Q

What are primary pollutants

A

Chemical that has been added directly to the air (nat. events or humans)

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14
Q

What are secondary pollutants

A

formed when a primary air pollutant reacts with normal air components or other air pollutants.

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15
Q

About what % of CO2 comes from anthropogenic sources?

A

7%

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16
Q

What % of CO2 comes from the carbon cycle

A

93%

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17
Q

How does CO2 form

A

Incomplete combustion of carbon containing materials

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18
Q

Where does CO2 reside (in terms of atmosphere layers)

A

Troposphere

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19
Q

Sources of NOx

A

Automobile engines, coal burning plants, lightning, soil bacteria

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20
Q

What is a problem of NOx

A

Can form nitric acid(HNO3) if it reacts with water

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21
Q

How much of SO2 is naturally formed through the sulfur cycle

A

1/3

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22
Q

How does the human-sourced Sulfur form?

A

Combustion of sulfur containing coal, oil refining, and smelting of sulfide ores

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23
Q

How is SO2 harmful

A

Can convert. To H2SO4 which is a component of acid rain

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24
Q

What does Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) consist of

A

solid particles and liquid droplets small + light enough to be suspended in the air

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25
Q

What is the source of PMs?

A

Burning wood + petroleum fuels, lead

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26
Q

What are the most harmful PMs?

A

Fine (PM10) ultrafine (PM2.5)

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27
Q

How many deaths per year do PMs cause in the US?

A

60,000

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28
Q

What is the most common cause of respiratory disease in developing countries?

A

PMs (Particulate matter)

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29
Q

Is ozone reactive or nonreactive

A

reactive

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30
Q

What are some potential problems caused by ozone

A

cause/aggravate respr illness; aggravate heart disease; damage plants, rubber, fabrics, paints

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31
Q

What does VOC stand for?

A

Volatile organic compound

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32
Q

Where do most VOCs come from?

A

Methane from cars, leaves (plants)

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33
Q

How much of VOCs come from human resources

A

2/3

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34
Q

What is photochemical smog

A

A mix of air pollutants made by NOx and volatile organic hydrocarbons under sunlight

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35
Q

What cities in the US often suffer from photochemical smog?

A

Mexico City and Los Angeles

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36
Q

What are PANs?

A

Peroxacyl Nitrates; respiratory irritant

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37
Q

What is the main difference between photochemical and industrial smog?

A

Photochemical is NOx, Industrial is SOx

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38
Q

What is the Black Triangle?

A

Germany, poland, and the Czech republic (one of the most polluted places in the world)

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39
Q

What is the cause of the Black Triangle?

A

brown coal usage w/ high sulfur content

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40
Q

What is radon?

A

natural radioactive gas found in soil and rock

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41
Q

What is a problem of radon?

A

Can seep into homes and buildings above radon deposits

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42
Q

What are the major causes of anthropogenic emissions of CO2 and NOx

A

On-road vehicles

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43
Q

What is the anthropogenic cause of SOx emissions?

A

Electricity generation

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44
Q

Anthropogenic cause of PM emissions?

A

Vehicle/Road dust

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45
Q

What is a temperature inversion and how is it formed?

A

Cold, cloudy weather surrounded by mountains can cause a warm air “cap”

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46
Q

What is the natural pH of rainwater

A

5.6

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47
Q

What’s a harm of acid rain

A

respiratory illness, can leach toxic metals from rock and soil into acid lakes

48
Q

What bodies of water are more buffered to acid rain

A

lakes and streams

49
Q

how can acid lakes be treated

A

Adding limestone

50
Q

What are the four most dangerous indoor air pollutants

A

Tobacco smoke, formaldehyde, radon-222 gas, PMs

51
Q

What is more harmful to humans, indoor or outdoor gases?

A

indoor

52
Q

Who are the most susceptible to indoor air pollution

A

Children under 5

53
Q

Who are the least susceptible to indoor air pollution

A

Adult males

54
Q

What is asbestos?

A

fibrous silicate material used for insulation

55
Q

What are problems of asbestos

A

Can cause respiratory problems

56
Q

What is the source of CO?

A

malfunctioning exhaust systems on heaters

57
Q

How is CO a health risk

A

CO attaches to hemoglobin and causes oxygen deprivation

58
Q

What is the most toxic kind of VOC

A

Formaldehyde

59
Q

Where are VOCs used

A

Building materials, furniture, glues, paints

60
Q

What % of US buildings are classified as sick?

A

15%

61
Q

What is “sick building syndrome”

A

Thebuiildup of toxins in inside air is more dangerous than the outside

62
Q

Which is more harmful, PM2.5 or PM10?

A

PM2.5 (smallest particle)

63
Q

Advantage of electrostatic precipitators

A

Can remove 99% of particulate matter

64
Q

What do Electrostatic precipitators do?

A

Attract negatively charged particles in smoke to a collector

65
Q

What is a flaw of electrostatic precipitators?

A

They do not filter hazardous ultrafine particles

66
Q

Because of the clean car act, a car now produces ____ less pollution than pre-1970s cars

A

75%

67
Q

What happens when you have a motor vehicle with no pollution control device?

A

burning of leaded gasoline (which can cause nerve damage)

68
Q

Which is more heavily regulated, outdoor or indoor pollution?

A

Outdoor

69
Q

What was the effect of mt Pinatubo’s eruption in 1991?

A

temporary cooling of the earth over a 15 month period (0.5*C)

70
Q

Which layer of the atmosphere experiences the effects of global warming the most?

A

Troposphere

71
Q

What has happened to global temperature over the last 150 years?

A

Increased 0.8*C

72
Q

What are some ways to analyze temps from 1000s of years ago?

A

Troposphere comp (airbubbles in ice), temp trends, greenhouse gas concentration; solar, snowfall, forest fire activity.

73
Q

How do you determine what global temps are like today?

A

CO2 and therm readings

74
Q

There is a _____ trend between carbon dioxide and temperature

A

Direct

75
Q

Country with highest CO2 emissions

A

China (We produce just as much)

76
Q

Which country produces the highest per capita amount of CO2

A

Australia

77
Q

What is the greenhouse effect?

A

Earth’s cycle of rising and falling CO2 levels over a long period of time due to greenhouse gases

78
Q

What are the 3 factors that shape the earth’s climate?

A

Sun, greenhouse effect, oceans storing CO2 (naturally cools)

79
Q

What is the ocean’s role in the earth’s climate?

A

Storing CO2, regulating temp, evaporating and receiving water

80
Q

What are the greenhouse gases?

A

Water vapor, CO2, methane, and nitrous oxide

81
Q

true/false: Greenhouse gases were always there and just fluxuated in presence

A

True

82
Q

How much (in ppm) CO2 is in the atmosphere?

A

390 ppm

83
Q

How much more potent is nitrous oxide compared to Co2?

A

Nitrous oxide is 300x more potent than CO2

84
Q

What is the global warming potential of methane?

A

25

85
Q

How have humans contributed to the greenhouse effect?

A

Burning of fossil fuels, agricultural practices, landfills, industrial production, CFCs

85
Q

Source of methane

A

Agricultural soils

85
Q

Source of nitrous oxide

A

agricultural soils (fertilizer), denitrification

85
Q

What pollutants could be cooling or warming the atmosphere?

A

aerosol and soot

85
Q

What is the CGCM of the earth’s climate?

A

a model that determines the avg temp and greenhouse gas content of the troposphere

85
Q

Out of methane, nitrous oxide, and CO2, which is the only gas that has not leveled off in its production?

A

CO2

85
Q

Source of carbon dioxide

A

Volcanic eruption, fossil fuels, iron and steel production, cement manufacture

85
Q

What pollutants warm the atmosphere?

A
85
Q

Is CO2 production a positive or negative feedback loop?

A

positive

85
Q

What is a problem of global warming?

A

Could alter ocean currents and cause excessive cooling and heating

86
Q

Why is dealing with global warming a difficult issue

A

Global, long term effects, costs and benefits controversial

87
Q

Mitigation

A

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions

88
Q

Adaptation

A

Recognize that some effects are unavoidable, so reduce harmful effects

89
Q

What is the benefit of stratospheric ozone

A

Keeps UVC and UVB rays from reaching earth’s surface

90
Q

What kind of UV Ray passes through ozone layer

A

UVA (causes sunburns)

91
Q

What has been lowering the ozone concentration in the atmosphere?

A

CFCs, Chlorofluorocarbons

92
Q

Global concentrations of ozone have depleted ___ %

A

10%

93
Q

Ozone depletions are greatest at:

A

The poles

94
Q

What does ozone depletion cause an increase of?

A

UVB radiation

95
Q

Montreal protocol

A

Ban on substances that deplete the ozone layer (aerosols + CFCs)

96
Q

Kyoto protocol

A

Greenhouse gas emission reduction (CO2, CH4, N2O)

97
Q

Why was the Kyoto Protocol signed but not ratified by the US?

A

Developing countries weren’t included (developing countries are a primary source of greenhouse emissions)

98
Q

Which pollutant can cause neurological damage?

A

Lead particulates

99
Q

A once lush green area that experiences climate change drought and turns brown is a…

A

Positive feedback

100
Q

The United Nations organization that studies global climate conditions is the…

A

IPCC

101
Q

What is trapped within the permafrost in the arctic region?

A

CH4

102
Q

CFC’s are a problem because..

A

Last for many years reducing O3

103
Q

What does IPCC stand for?

A

International Panel on Climate Change

104
Q

What are the layers of a septic tank

A

Sludge, wastewater, scum

105
Q

What does the inclusion of septic tanks help reduce

A

Point source pollution

106
Q

Where is organic matter broken down in an on site septic disposal system

A

Bacteria in the tank and the field

APES (10 decks)

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