Chapter 18 test Flashcards
How many people contacted HIV/AIDS in 2010?
36 million
What is the cure for HIV/AIDS?
None, though drug treatments exist
What is risk?
Risk is the measure of likelihood that you will suffer from harm from a hazard
What are the four hazards?
Biological, chemical, physical, cultural
What is it called when diseases can be spread from one person to another? What is it when they can’t be spread by living organisms?
Transmissible ; non transmissible
How can nontransmissible diseases be spread?
chemical exposures (lead); physical or mental impairments
What is the leading cause of death?
Cardiovascular disease
What type of disease kills the most people per year?
pneumonia
What’s the difference between a chronic and acute illness?
Chronic= slowly impairs; Acute= rapidly impairs
Why are infectious disease causing bacteria becoming resistant to antibiotics?
genetic resistance, overuse of antibiotics
Why are TB cases increasing worldwide
Lack of TB screening, genetic resistances
What is a synergistic reaction?
When 2 risks come together and cause more harm
How many new AIDS/HIV cases occur each day?
6000
What is the death rate of Ebola?
50-89% death rate
What is the cause of mad cow disease?
Prions/proteins in the brain
How does transmission of mad cow disease happen?
Cows eating remains of infected cows
How does mad cow disease spread in humans?
Eating infected meat
How does the bird flu spread?
Affects birds mostly, but mutations can affect humans who are in close contact with birfs
What is the potential symptom of West Nile virus?
Inflammation of the brain
How many people are killed by malaria per year?
2 million
Why was it quite easy for the US to ban DDT?
US doesn’t have many problems with Malaria, so less reason to use DDT
Why are infectious diseases moving at increasing rates?
Human activities increase rates from one animal to another
What is ecological Medicine?
Tracks down connections between wildlife and humans to determine ways to slow/prevent diseases from spreading
How can we limit the spread of disease from animals to humans
Limit deforestation, fragmentation of woodland and forest, international trade of exotic species, stop eating monkeys
What kind of chemical risk is thalidomide?
Teratogen (reduced limbs)
What kind of chemical risk is alcohol?
teratogen (fetal alcohol syndrome)
What are the 6 chemical risks?
Allergens, endocrine disruptors, mutagens, teratogens, carcinogens and neurotoxins
What type of toxin is DDT?
Endocrine disruptor
What type of toxin is PCB?
Carcinogen
What happens if you don’t properly incinerate PCB?
You could produce Dioxin (a carcinogen)
What type of chemical is Azatine?
Endocrine disruptor (this is the gay frogs thing)
What is the difference between LD50 and ED50?
LD50 looks for half the population DYING, ED50 looks for half the population DISPLAYING HARMFUL EFFECTS
What is the value of exposure for animals and humans? (referring to LD50)
A: Take LD50 and divide it by 10; Humans by 1,000
What is the threshold limit?
The point where a negative reaction is felt by a dose
How is a concentration of a dose determined?
Persistence, solubility, ability to bioaccumulate and biomagnify
What is bioaccumulation
an increased concentration of a chemical in an organism over time
What is biomagnification
an increase in concentration of a chemical as it moves up the food chain
What is an example of a chemical that can bioaccumulate?
Methyl mercury
Why are fat soluble chemicals bad?
Fat soluble chemicals are stored in the body
How persistent is DDT?
30 years
how persistent is Atrazine?
224 days in soil
Why are children more susceptible to chemical hazards than adults?
Children breathe more air, drink more water, eat more, and are exposed to other toxins when they put objects in their mouths.
What is the difference between innocent-until-proven-guilty method of determining toxicity vs precautionary principle
Innocent until proven guilty- Chemicals put on market if relatively safe, long term effects will be discovered later
Precautionary principle- Don’t put chemicals on the market until extensive testing has taken place
How is risk analysis calculated?
System reliability % = Technology reliability x human reliability
What shortens the life of an individual more than any other factor in the US?
Poverty
What are the top 3 factors that shorten life expectancy in the US?
Poverty, being born male, smoking
What are some chemicals found in cigarette smoke?
Benzene, toluene, arsenic
retrospective studies
Studying people who were exposed to a chemical in the past
Perspective studies
Monitor those who may be exposed to a chemical in the future
What is the leading cause of death in the US?
Heart disease
What is the greatest risk to one’s health?
Poverty
T/F: diseases that were once very prevalent are no longer a threat
False (ex: TB)
How does a cow acquire mad cow disease?
Eating other cows with mad cow
What is true about dose response?
LD50/10 is “safe” for animals
Type of study that examines the effects in people who have been exposed to a contaminant
Retrospective
The concentration within an organism depends on…
biomagnification, solubility, persistance
The determination of what an exposure would be and how much one can take
Risk assessment
Determines the balance of harm to gain
Risk acceptance
The communication of risk and getting input from community
Risk management
What is the policy the US follows for potentially hazardous chemicals
Innocent until proven guilty principle
These types of chemicals are generated from incineration
Dioxins
A quick onset of a disease or condition
Acute
What kind of hazard is Ebola?
Virus
What is meant by the saying “the risk of injury is one in 5”
The likelihood of injury is about one in 5 (qualitative)
People moving both livestock and wild animals has resulted in
Increased spread of disease?
Why has TB been spreading?
Overuse of antibiotics, increased urbanization,
