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APES > Chapters 14 and 15 > Flashcards

Chapters 14 and 15 Flashcards

Memorize

1
Q

Area Strip Mining

A

Terrain is flat; Overburden stripped away, mineral deposit extracted, terrain refilled with overburden

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2
Q

Contour Strip Mining

A

Terrain is hilly; Overburden stripped away, mineral deposit extracted, terrain refilled with overburden

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3
Q

Convergent plate boundary

A

lithospheric plates are pushed together

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4
Q

Core

A

Inner zone of the earth;

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5
Q

Crust

A

Solid outer zone of the earth

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6
Q

What are the two types of crust?

A

Continental and oceanic crust

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7
Q

Is the inner core of the earth solid or liquid

A

Solid

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8
Q

Is the outer core of the earth solid or liquid

A

liquid

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9
Q

Depletion time

A

The time it takes to exhaust 80% of a known nonrenewable resource

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10
Q

Divergent

A

Lithospheric plates move away from each other

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11
Q

Earthquake

A

Shaking of the ground resulting from fracturing/displacing rock

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12
Q

What does an earthquake create?

A

A fault

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13
Q

Economic depletion

A

Exhaustion of 80% of a nonrenewable resource

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14
Q

Erosion

A

how earth materials in terms of a landscape are dissolved/loosens/worn away and removed, then deposited in another

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15
Q

Geology

A

Study of the earth’s dynamic history

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16
Q

What do geologists do?

A

Study and analyze rocks and the dynamics of the earth’s interior and surface

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17
Q

high-grade ore

A

contains a high amount of the desired material

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18
Q

Identified resources

A

Location, quality, and quantity of a deposit are known

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19
Q

Igneous rock

A

magma wells up, cools, and solidifies into rock masses

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20
Q

Lithosphere

A

Outer shell of the earth; rigid; outermost part of the mantle outside of the asthenosphere; found in earth’s plates

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21
Q

Asthenosphere

A

Under lithosphere; malleable,moves around the tectonic plates

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22
Q

Low-grade ore

A

Ore has a smaller amount of the desired mineral

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23
Q

Magma

A

Molten rock below earth’s surface

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24
Q

Mantle

A

Earth’s interior btwn core + crust

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25
Q

Metamorphic rock

A

Preexisting rock subjected to high pressures, high temps, chemical fluids, or a combo

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26
Q

Mineral

A

naturally occurring inorganic substance found as crystalline solid

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27
Q

Mineral resources

A

Mineral concentration that is useful

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28
Q

Mountaintop removal

A

Surface mining’ uses machinery to remove the top of a mountain to expose coal underneath

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29
Q

Nanotechnology

A

use atoms and molecules to build materials from raw elements

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30
Q

Open pit

A

Dig minerals out of the earth’s surface making an open pit

31
Q

Ore

A

Metal-yielding material; contains waste material (gangue) and the desired metal

32
Q

Other resources

A

ID’d and undiscovered resources NOT classified as reserves

33
Q

Overburden

A

Soil and rock over a deposit

34
Q

Plate tectonics (theory)

A

theory; explains the movements of lithospheric plates at their boundaries

35
Q

Reserves

A

Resources that have been identified and can be extracted

36
Q

Rock

A

Any material that takes up a large part of the earth’s crust

37
Q

Rock cycle

A

Processes that form and modify rocks and soil over millions of years

38
Q

Sedimentary rock

A

Rock that forms from erosion products and sometimes dead organisms

39
Q

Smelting

A

desired metal separated from rest of ore

40
Q

Spoils

A

Rock waste from excavation

41
Q

Strip mining

A

large chunks of the earth’s surface removed in strips

42
Q

Subduction zone

A

oceanic lithosphere slides under continental at convergent plate boundary

43
Q

What forms at the boundary of a subduction zone?

44
Q

Subsurface mining

A

Mining in a deep underground deposit

45
Q

Tectonic plates

A

Lithosphere plates that move slowly via the mantle’s flowing asthenosphere

46
Q

transform boundary

A

Plates move in opposite but parallel directions along a fracture in the lithosphere

47
Q

Fault

A

fracture in the lithosphere

48
Q

Tsunami

A

Waves generated because of an earthquake

49
Q

Undiscovered resources

A

Specific qualities and location unknown but potential supplies are believed to exist

50
Q

Volcano

A

Fissure in earth’s surface where magma + gases are released

51
Q

Weathering

A

THE PROCESS IN WHICH Solid surface Rock is worn down and solid + dissolved materials are separated. Dissolved materials are sediment.

52
Q

Aquifer

A

Porous layers of rock that can yield significant amounts of water

53
Q

Desalination

A

Purification of salt/brackish water

54
Q

How does desalination work?

A

Dissolved salts removed

55
Q

Drainage basin/watershed

A

Land area that delivers water, sediment, and dissolved substances via small streams to a river

56
Q

Drought

A

Area doesn’t get enough water and evaporation increases

57
Q

Evaporation

A

Liquid converts to a gas

58
Q

What causes droughts?

A

Low precipitation or high temperatures

59
Q

Floodplain

A

Valley floor next to a stream channel OR low area that has a potential for flooding

60
Q

Groundwater

A

the Water that sinks into soil and is stored in aquifers; in the zone of saturation

61
Q

Natural recharge

A

Natural replenishment of an aquifer via precipitation

62
Q

Recharge area

A

Any land that allows water to pass through it into an aquifer

63
Q

Reliable runoff

A

surface runoff that is a stable source of water

64
Q

Saltwater intrusion

A

Movement of saltwater into freshwater aquifers

65
Q

Why does saltwater intrusion happen?

A

Groundwater is withdrawn faster than it is recharged by precipitation

66
Q

Stream

A

Flowing body of surface water

67
Q

Subsidence

A

sinking of a part of the earth’s crust

68
Q

Surface runoff

A

Water flowing off the land into bodies of surface water

69
Q

Surface water

A

precipitation that doesn’t infiltrate the ground or return to the atmosphere

70
Q

Water table

A

Upper surface of the zone of saturation, all pores in the rock are filled with water

71
Q

zone of aeration

A

zone in soil that is not saturated with water, lies above the water table

72
Q

Zone of saturation

A

Area where all pores in the rock are filled with water

73
Q

Gangue

A

waste material from ore

APES (10 decks)

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