Chapters 17,18&21 Flashcards
Potosí
Located in Bolivia, one of the richest silver mining centers & most populous cities in colonial Spanish America
Encomienda
Grants of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. It provided the grant holder with a supply of cheap labor & periodic payments of goods by the Amerindians.
Driver
A privileged male slave whose job was to ensure that a slave gang did it’s work on a plantation.
Middle Passage
Part of the Atlantic Circuit involving the transportation of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic to the Americas.
Congress of Vienna
Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon 1
Benjamin Franklin
American intellectual, inventor & politician.
Helped negotiate French support for the American revolution.
What was the Council of the Indies that was created in Spain in 1524 meant to do?
To put royal power in place over the populations
Who were the Amerindians’ enemies of the French?
The Iroquois Confederacy
The largest slave revolt took place in 1739 in South Carolina, was called what?
The Stono Rebellion
Generally/Most of the time, the Atlantic African Slave Trade was based upon what kind type of partnership, with who?
European & African elites
Both Muslims & Europeans obtained slaves from sub-Saharan Africa, BUT did what?
Islamic trade was much smaller
In Virginia, the colonial government consisted of a governor, his council & representatives known as the what?
The House of Burgesses
In the constitution, slaves would be accounted as 3/5 of a person. Why?
To give southern states more representatives
Life expectancy for the 19th century Brazilian male slave was what?
23 years
Despite the dominance of the French military, the British defeated Napoleon’s navy in 1805 at what city/ what place?
Trafalgar
Before 1775, which of the following was not one of the tactics with which the European colonial settlers responded to British policies?
Declaring war on Britain
Which of the following statements is true of the French Revolution?
It didn’t create an enduring form of representative democracy
Household slaves in the Islamic world, mostly consisted of who?
Servants & concubines
In 1787, King Louis XVI called a meeting of the estates general, the French national legislature, because….?
The French elite wouldn’t consent to new taxes
Great circuit
Network of trade routes connecting Europe, Africa & the Americas that underlay the Atlantic system.
Hausa
An agricultural & trading people of central Sudan in west Africa.
The Atlantic System
Network of trading links after 1500 that moved goods, wealth, people & cultures around the Atlantic Ocean basin.
Joseph Brant
Mohawk leader who supported the British during the American revolution
Coureurs de Bois
“Runner of the woods.”
French fur trader, many of mixed Amerindian heritage, who often married with Amerindian people’s of North America
Describe the major battles & turning points in the war.
Why did the British lose the american revolution, despite the fact that they won most of the battles?
1) British abandon Boston after bunker hill
2) Brits occupy NY following American defeat- Brooklyn heights battle
3) Saratoga
4) France: treaty of alliance
5) valley forge where American army winters
6) general Cornwallis surrenders at Yorktown
The British had a hard time getting supplies & they were more focused on their conflicts with France.
What was the fiscal crisis that triggered the French Revolution?
By1780 poor harvest had increased the poor’s cost of living & led to a decline on consumer demand for their products. The poor population grew, children were forced to work or given up, beggars wandered the streets…ETC
Give a detailed description of the great circuit
From Europe, to Africa, to America’s & it’s the great circuit
Some goods wee traded for west African gold, timber, etc.
More goods went purchasing slaves on the middle passages.
Slaves had horrible conditions.
Infections & diseases spread too.
Describe the Spanish & Portuguese objectives in ruling their lands in the Americas.
What government system did they employ?
& did they want to include the people’s of the Americas in their culture?
Portuguese & Spain had controlled colonial governments. They sought to control the trade of their American colonies through convoy systems. They exerted direct control over the colonies through supervisory offices & viceroys. There were silver mines & sugar cane plantations. The Spanish wanted to rid the Americas of their traditional beliefs but resorted to torture & execution.
Compare & contrast the different colonial regions established in British & North America.
In what ways were they similar & different?
- English colonies: had major salve intake from Africa & opposed British control.
- New France colonies had many natural resources.
- Spanish colonies had many sugar cane plantations/silver mines.
SIMILAR: all wanted to survive on their own with only help if they needed it.
Why did the French & English take a century to colonize the America’s after the Spanish & Portuguese?
How are they similar & different?
- The French & English were distracted by civil wars & conflicts, so didn’t really want to explore & had less resources.
- neither country for easily acquired wealth or vast empties. The Spanish & Portuguese already taken the easy stuff.
- instead of controlling American expansion through their national government, both countries acted through private corporations.
- both colonized larger percentages of Europeans than their Iberian counter paths.
