Chapter 11- Peoples & Civilizations Of The mericas 600-1500 Flashcards
What civilization was around400-900?
Idk
What did the cult of the hummingbird worship?
Huitilopochto
H
What is Mit’a?
A rotational labor draft that organized members of ayllus yo work the fields & care for the llama & alpaca herds
What did the Moche not have?
Bronze tools
What were the conquest states based on?
Warfare & military power
Where were the Mayans located?
In modern-day Guatemala, Honduras, Belize & Southern Mexico.
What did the Ancient Mayans do so that they could terraced hillsides in the cooler highlands?
Drained swamps, built elevated fields & used irrigation during dry seasons
In every Mayan household it consisted of what?
A garden for personal use
All construction of buildings was done without the aid of what?
-Mayans
Wheel, pulleys, wheel barrows, carts & metal tools
The Mayan cosmos were divided into 3 parts, what were they?
Heavens, dark under world, & a sacred tree connecting all 3
Mayans: Who served as priests & political members & wore costumes with animal skins and feathers?
Rulers & elites
Mayans: how did the kings communicate with the gods?
Through blood letting rituals & hallucinogenic trances
Mayans: what were the roles of the women?
Essential to household economy, maintaining garden plots, weaving & management of family life.
Mayans: what were the important contributions they did?
Calendar, math & writing in mesoamerica
Toltecs: what were their important innovations?
Politics & military
Who was the first civilization to create a conquest state based on military power?
Toltecs
How was the Toltec decoration like?
Warlike & violent character
Nearly all Toltec public buildings & temples were decorated with what?
Warriors or scenes suggesting human sacrifice
How many chieftains ruled the Toltec state?
What happened?
2 chieftains.
Weakened Toltec power & led to destruction of Tula
Which civilization was first a clan based on social structure?
The Aztecs
What were the 2 Cygwin capitals of the aztecs called?
Tenochtitlan & Tlatelolco.
Aztecs: what does primogeniture mean?
“First genes.” The first born wouldn’t get the throne anymore.
Aztecs: who chose the rulers?
What did new rulers have to prove?
Council chose
Prove themselves in battle
Aztecs: what relationships did commoners have?
What relationships did nobles have?
Monogamous
Polygamous
Aztecs: their irrigation led to what?
Expanded use of Chinampas ( floating gardens)
Aztecs: How much of food was satisfied by the tribute system?
What were the tribute payments consisted of?
1/4th
Maize, beans & rice
Aztecs: why did merchants had to supply their military to protect them?
They didn’t get assistance from the empire & were denied privileges of high nobility.
Aztecs: who controlled trade?
Merchants, NOT government
Who was Hernan Cortes?
(1485-1547)
A “Spanish Adventurer” & a conquistador.
Aztecs: who was associated with the war & sun god?
Huitzilopochtli
Aztecs: what did Huitzilopochtli require to sustain his daily struggle to bring the sun’s warmth to the world?
A diet of human hearts
Northern peoples: Where were the Anasazis located?
Modern day Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado & Utah
Where did the Anasazis lived?
In underground buildings called Kivas
What were the Anasazis known for?
Weaving & pottery
What did merchants from Chaco provide for the Toltec people?
What for exchange?
Turquoise
Shell jewelry, copper bells, macaws & trumpets
Anasazi settlements in the Colorado plateau & Arizona were constructed where?
In natural cave high above valley floors
Where did Mound Builders’ civilizations stretch from?
Ontario to Florida (700-1500CE)
Mound builders depended on these for food & trade?
Hunting, gathering, & limited cultivation of locally domesticated seed crops
Anasazi: instead of using common currency, what did they use?
Bartering
What was flint used for?
Weapons & tools
When did Chahokia reach it’s height?
How much was their population?
1200 CE
20,000
When did the Anasazis decline?
Around 1250CE
Incas: where did they stretch from?
Maule River in Chile to Northern Ecuador & from the Pacific Coast to the Amazon.
What was the Incas’ prosperity dependent on?
Vast hers of llamas & alpacas.
What were the primary responsibility of Inca men & women?
Men: hard drivers in long-distance trade
Women: weaving
What did the Mit’a laborers provide in the Inca Empire?
Provided a material surplus that provided the bare necessities for everyone in society
Inca: each leader (Ayllu) contributed what fraction of its male population?
1/7th
What were the challenges of the Andes people?
How did they adapt?
The Andean people’s challenges were environmental. They were droughts & clogged irrigation systems.
They adapted by technologies they created & ideas. Such as a calendar to tell when to plant & harvest. Then practicing dispersed farming & how to use the cold, dry climate to produce frozen vegetable & meats
How did the Mayans view the cosmos?
Mayans viewed them as 3 layers. Representing heavens, dark underworld & a sacred tree connecting all 3
Name the civilization you would want to live in & give 5 reasons why.
The civilization I would want are the Aztecs.
1) Their military successes allowed them to seize control of additional agricultural lands.
2) territorial conquest allowed peasant labor.
3) the creation of the dike allowed an extension of irrigated fields & Chinampas.
4) The tribute system helped with the growing population.
5) bartering allowed markets to offer rich goods to Central America.
