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AS level - Chemistry > Chapters 14 & 15 > Flashcards

Chapters 14 & 15 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 layers of the atmosphere

A

Troposphere
Stratosphere
Thermosphere
Mesosphere

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2
Q

Where is the stratosphere

A

The outer part above 10-40km above the Earth’s surface.

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3
Q

How does the ozone layer protect us?

A

It absorbs UV Radiation.

Living organisms would get sun burns and even skin cancer.

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4
Q

Why are organohalogens so useful

A

Because they are volatile and inert and safe.

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5
Q

Why are organohalogens so inert?

A

Because the C-F and the C-Cl bonds are very strong and they require a lot of energy to break.

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6
Q

What are nucleophiles?

A

They are particles that are attracted to partially positive atoms and they donate a pair of electrons, to form a new sigma covalent bond.

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7
Q

What are the main nucleophiles

A

OH-
OH2
NH3

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8
Q

Where do nucleophiles always attack from

A

The back of the C- X bond.

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9
Q

Why do nucleophiles always attack from where they do?

A

There is less repulsion between the lone pair of electrons on the nucleophile and the high electron density around the highly electronegative atom.

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10
Q

What is hydrolysis

A

Breaking of bonds using OH2 or OH

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11
Q

How are haloalkanes converted to alcohol

A

Nucleophilic substitution.

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12
Q

What are the varying strengths of Nucleophiles

A

Strongest to weakest:

NH3 > OH- > H2O > Any halide.

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13
Q

Why is NH3 stronger than H2O

A

Strong nucleophiles consist of central atoms with a lower EN. This makes it more likely to donate a pair of electrons to.

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14
Q

Why is OH- stronger than H20

A

OH- can induce a heterolytic fission between C and a halide faster than H20 can due to a higher repulsion.

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15
Q

How do the rates of hydrolysis change as you go down group 7?

A

Bond enthalpy of the C-X bond decreases.
So, the weaker the bond enthalpy,
Less energy required to break the C-X bond.
Less time taken to complete the reaction.
So it gets faster as you go down the group.

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16
Q

How can you prove the rates of hydrolysis down group 7?

A

Add AgNO3 to the haloalkane, to produce an alcohol and a coloured silver halide precipitate.
In these reactions, the nucleophile is water and the halide leaves to bond with the silver ions.

17
Q

AgCl

A

White

18
Q

AgBr

A

Cream

19
Q

AgI

A

Yellow

20
Q

Why is an organohalogen more likely to produce CL radicals rather than F radicals?

A

Because the bond enthalpy of CF is much higher and stronger.
Hence, it requires more energy to be broken, so instead a Cl radical is created.

21
Q

Where can you get NO2 from

A

Planes and lightning.

22
Q

How can you go from an alcohol to a carboxylic acid

A

React it with an excess of oxidising agent
With h2so4/k2cr2o7
REFLUX
ONLY FOR PRIMARY ALCOHOLS

23
Q

How can you go from an alcohol to an aldehyde

A

React it with oxidising agent
With h2so4/k2cr2o7
DISTIL
ONLY FOR PRIMARY ALCOHOLS

24
Q

How can you go from an alcohol to a ketone

A

React it with oxidising agent
With h2so4/k2cr2o7
REFLUX
ONLY FOR SECONDARY ALCOHOLS

25
Q

What types of alcohols can become ketone

A

Secondary alcohols

26
Q

What types of alcohols can become carboxylic acids?

A

Primary alcohols

27
Q

What types of alcohols can become aldehydes?

A

Primary alcohols

28
Q

Why can’t ketones be further oxidised?

A

The carbon in the ketone group has only 2 valence electrons, which is not enough for a carboxylic group.

29
Q

How can you convert an alcohol into an alkene

A

Add concentrated h3po4.

REFLUX

30
Q

What type of reaction is converting an alcohol into an alkene

A

Elimination

or dehydration.

31
Q

How can you convert an alcohol into a haloalkane?

A

Add concentrated h2so4 and NaX (X- the halide)
REFLUX
They will react to form HX. This will react with the alcohol and turn it into a haloalkane.

32
Q

When converting an alcohol into a haloalkane, why can’t you use HX directly?

A

It’s quite toxic and they can produce a variety of other harmful products.

AS level - Chemistry (19 decks)

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