Chapter 11 - Basic Concepts of Organic Chemistry Flashcards
Define homologous series
A family of compounds :
have similar chemical properties
differ by the addition of a CH2 group.
follow the same general formulaf
Define functional group
The part of the organic molecule that is largely responsible for the chemicals properties of the molecule
Aliphatic
carbon atoms bonded together to form a straight or branched chain that doesn’t contain a benzene ring.
Alicyclic
Carbon atoms joined in a ring with or without branches that doesn’t contain a benzene ring.
Aromatic
It contains at least 1 benzene ring
Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
There are 3 homologous series or they are hydrocarbon of:
- alkenes (contains single bonds)
- alkanes (contains at least 1 double C-C bond)
- alkynes (contains at least 1 triple C-C bond)
Naming aliphatic alkanes
- Identify longest continuous carbon chain and name that
- Identify any side chains, called the alkyl group. It has a hydrogen atom removed.
- The name is added as a prefix with the number at which the position the alkyl group is on the parent chain
stem for 1 carbon
meth-
stem for 2 carbons
eth-
stem for 3 carbons
prop-
stem for 4 carbons
but-
stem for 5 carbons
pent-
stem for 6 carbons
hex-
stem for 7 carbons
hept-
stem for 8 carbons
oct-
stem for 9 carbons
non-
stem for 10 carbons
dec-
Alkyl group for 1 carbon- side branches
methyl - CH3
Alkyl group for 2 carbons -side branches
ethyl - C2H5
Alkyl group for 3 carbons -side branches
propyl - C3H7
Alkyl group for 4 carbons -side branches
butyl - C4H9
Alkyl group for 5 carbons -side branches
Pentyl - C5H11
Naming alicyclic alkanes
Same as aliphatic alkanes, except you have to put a ‘cyclo’ in front of it
Naming alkenes
Same as alkanes, just you have to state the position of the carbon-carbon double bond.
Ex. if the double bond is on carbon2 and carbon3, then it would be called ex. pent-2-ene.
Alkene function group
C-C double bond
Alcohol functional group
- OH
ending: -ol
Aldehyde
-CHO
CO- double bond
ending: -al
Ketone
Functional group:
- C(C=0) C-
ending: -one
Carboxylic acid
- COOH
sending: -oic acid
general formula of alkanes
C(n)H(2n+2)
general formula of alkenes
C(n)H(2n)
General formula of alcohols
C(n) H(2n+1) OH
general formula of carboxylic acids
C(n) H (2n) O2
general formula of ketones
C(n) H(2n) O
what is the definition of an organic compound
A compound whose molecular weight is mostly carbon
in which industries is organic compounds used in
agriculture pharmaceutical cosmetics detergents plastic paint or pigment
definition of alkynes
contains at least 1 C-C triple bond
what does it mean to be unsaturated
if a compound contains at least 1 C-C double or triple bond
Alkanes- explain their reactivity
they are very unreactive, mainly because they don't have a functional group. However, they can still undergo: thermal decomposition (cracking) combustion
What is the shape of alkanes
They aren’t straight. They form a zig-zag shape.
Because the bond angles of a carbon atom is always 109.5, meaning they are all tetrahedrals.
IUPAC- stand for?
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
For nomenclature, what are the rules?
Alphabetical order
Name how many side chains there are (di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-)
Find the way you can have the smallest numbers possible
Amine group functional group
NH2
ending: -amine
IUPAC Nomenclature Functional groups
- COOH (carboxylic)
- CHO (aldehyde)
- CO (ketone)
- OH (alcohol)
- NH2 (amine)
prefix for alcohol
hydroxy-
prefix for amine
amino-
prefix for ether
(branch) oxy..
functional group: - O -
Halide
'Halo' Look for : -fluoro -chloro -bromo -iodo When name compounds with these, put the number on which carbon it is at the front rather than the middle.
Notice about carboxylic acids
If it is present, then that C is immediately Carbon 1.
How are sigma bonds made
They are a type of covalent bond made where 2 orbitals of adjacent atoms directly overlap each other.
Example of sigma bond explanation
Each carbon atom has 4 unpaired electrons. Each unpaired electron occupies an orbital and when those carbon atoms approach each other, their orbitals can directly overlap. The unpaired electrons pair together forming a covalent (sigma) bond.
Why do sigma bonds allow rotation within a molecule
Because sigma bonds are positioned on a line between 2 atoms, and the carbon atoms can rotate freely about that line.
What are the 2 ways sigma bonds can be broken
Homolyctic fission and heterolyctic fission
Explain homolyctic fission
The covalent bond breaks
Both atoms leave with 1 of the electrons from the shared pair, resulting in 2 radicals.
Showed by using curly one-sided arrows
And by using dots on each radical.
Explain heterolyctic fission
The covalent bond breaks
1 atom leaves with both of the electrons from the shared pair, resulting in a positively charged ion and a negatively charged ion. Shown by using full arrows.
What are the 3 things that chemical reaction can be
addition / combination
elimination (decomposition)
substitution (single/double displacement)
What is isomerism
Compounds with the same molecular formula but a different structural formulae.
What is general formula
The simplest algebraic formula for any member of a homologous series.
what is skeletal formula
each line- single bond
end of a line- CH3
each ‘bend’- carbon atom
What would you call the C=C
Alkene
CnH2n
OH
Alcohol
-ol
Cn H2n+1 OH
CHO
Aldehyde
-al
Cn H2n O
C - C=O
Ketones
-one
Cn H2n O
COOH
Carboxylic acids
-oic acid
Cn H2n O2
O - C=O
Ester
-oate
Cn H2n O2
NH2
Amine
Amino-
-amine
Cn H2n+1 NH2
what is the empirical formula
the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element present
what is the molecular formula
the actual number and type of atoms of each element in a molecule of a compound.
what is structural formula
the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule
what is displayed formula
it shows the relative positioning of atoms and the bonds between them.
