Chapters 13, 14, 15, & 17 Flashcards
A good operational definition of intelligence is “the ability to think abstractly.”
A. True
B. False
False
The Stanford-Binet test allows for the calculation of overall IQ and also of the verbal performance IQ.
A. True
B. False
False
If a person took the same IQ test three times and received a similar score each time, it could be said that this test is reliable.
A. True
B. False
True
Sternberg and Gardner’s models of intelligence seek to understand intelligence as a process.
A. True
B. False
True
Most psychologists believe that differences in intelligence between racial groups are largely - if not exclusively - the result of environmental factors.
A. True
B. False
True
Trait theories are descriptive theories that attempt to identify specific dimensions or characteristics of personality.
A. True
B. False
True
One main criticism of trait theories is that people do not behave as consistently from one situation to another as trait theories would tend to predict.
A. True
B. False
True
To Freud, the dynamics of personality center around conflict between the impulse-driven id, the guilt-inducing superego, and the ego or mediator.
A. True
B. False
True
According to Maslow, self-actualized individuals tend to be conformists.
A. True
B. False
False
Both behavioral observation and interviews might be influenced by observer bias.
A. True
B. False
True
DSM-5 is the most recent edition of the diagnostic manual.
A. True
B. False
True
A person who does not leave his or her house because of fear associated with being in open public places suffers from a social phobia.
A. True
B. False
False
Anxiety disorders include agoraphobia, social anxiety, generalized anxieties, and phobias.
A. True
B. False
True
Agoraphobia is an intense fear of being in places where escape may be difficult such as a theatre, bus, or airplane.
A. True
B. False
True
Disregard for the rights of others and impulsivity are two characteristics associated with antisocial personality disorder.
A. True
B. False
True
The tendency to feel a diminished sense of responsibility in an emergency when others are present is referred to as bystander apathy.
A. True
B. False
True
The halo effect would predict that you perceive a well-mannered child as more attractive than his less-polite identical twin.
A. True
B. False
False
Providing accurate information that contradicts a prejudiced individual’s viewpoint is an effective way to alter that person’s negative attitude.
A. True
B. False
False
Conformity involves simply modifying behaviors so that they are consistent with those of others; compliance involves modifying behavior in response to direct requests from others.
A. True
B. False
True
Berkowitz suggests that frustration will not result in aggression unless suitable environmental cues are present.
A. True
B. False
True
In developing his intelligence test, Binet reasoned that a child with high intelligence would perform in the intelligence test similar to which of the following?
A. A Child of the same chronological age.
B. An Older child of average intelligence.
C. An Older child of below-average intelligence.
D. A Child of the same age and of average intelligence.
B. An Older child of average intelligence.
Which of the following is not an advantage of group-administered intelligence tests compared to individual intelligence tests?
A. Can be given to a number of people at the same time
B. Are quicker to administer
C. Encourage the best possible performance from individuals
D. Are more easily scored
C. Encourage the best possible performance from individuals
Because intelligence tests _____, one should receive the same IQ score regardless of who administers and scores the test.
A. Are standardized
B. Have established norms
C. Are valid
D. Are reliable
A. Are standardized
If a test measures what it is supposed to measure, it has _____.
A. Validity
B. Norms
C. Reliability
D. Consistency
A. Validity
Which of the following are designed to measure a type of ability that is different from the type of ability measured by the other three tests?
A. Aptitude tests
B. Otis-Lennon School Ability Test (OLSAT)
C. Achievement tests
D. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
C. Achievement tests
Guilford used the term content to describe which of the following?
A. How we think
B. What we think about
C. How we apply our thinking
D. Primary ability
B. What we think about
Good problem solvers who score high on intelligence tests ____ than people who score low in intelligence tests
A. Take a longer time to encode information
B. Take a shorter time to encode information
C. Arrive at the correct solution faster
D. Make more careless mistakes
A. Take a longer time to encode information
Which two people would you expect to have IQs that are most similar?
A. A parent and a child
B. Fraternal twins reared together
C. Two same-sex siblings
D. Identical twins reared apart
D. Identical twins reared apart
_____ is the psychologist who proposed that the difference in average IQ scores between blacks and whites is due primarily to genetic factors
A. Jensen
B. Skeels
C. Sternberg
D. Gardner
A. Jensen
Current opinion among psychologists is that differences in intelligence test scores between racial groups are
A. non-existent
B. larger than they were 50 years ago
C. a result of the environment as opposed to genes
D. a result of genetic differences between races
C. a result of the environment as opposed to genes
Personality psychology may best be described as the study of which of the following?
A. How much personality an individual has
B. Individuals
C. The development of personality traits
D. The consistency of personality traits
B. Individuals
Which of the following is not a common criticism of trait theories?
A. These do not explain behavior but only label behavior as being the result of a personality trait
B. People’s behavior is not as consistent from situation to situation as trait theories would have us believe
C. They do not attempt to describe behavior
D. They do not explain how personality develops
C. They do not attempt to describe behavior
Which concept does not belong with the other three?
A. Reality principle
B. Ego-ideal
C. Superego
D. Conscience
A. Reality principle
Which of the following pairs of terms do not belong together?
A. Anal stage / toilet training
B. Latency stage / Oedipus complex
C. Oral stage / sucking
D. Phallic stage / genital stimulation
B. Latency stage / Oedipus complex
____ suggested that all people acquire a feeling of inferiority early in childhood
A. Adler
B. Rogers
C. Jung
D. Allport
A. Adler
According to Rogers, the person that you would like to become is your _____ self
A. Goal
B. Ideal
C. Real
D. Future
B. Ideal
What is one main criticism of humanistic theories?
A. They emphasize the unconscious id more than the conscious superego
B. It is difficult to conduct experiments examining the concepts of humanistic theories
C. They do not emphasize negative influences on personality development
D. They completely ignore cognitive factors
B. It is difficult to conduct experiments examining the concepts of humanistic theories
What principle is involved in the following situation? You find the students at your college to be friendly because most of them smile and say “Hi” when you greet them, whereas your roommate finds the students to be unfriendly and says no one ever smiles or says “Hi” to her.
A. Rationalization
B. Self-efficacy
C. Reciprocal determinism
D. Basic anxiety
C. Reciprocal determinism
Which of the following is not an important method used to assess an individual’s personality?
A. Psychoanalysis
B. Paper-and-pencil questionnaires
C. Projective tests
D. Behavioral observation
A. Psychoanalysis
If a psychologist asks you to tell a story concerning a scene on a card he or she shows you, that psychologist is giving you the:
A. MMPI
B. TAT
C. 16PF
D. Rorschach inkblot test
B. TAT
Which of the following statements is true?
A. Most psychological disorders are chronic and untreatable
B. Most psychological disorders result from brain abnormalities of some kind
C. Anxiety disorders occur when unacceptable impulses are blocked by the ego
D. The most successful treatment for anxiety disorders are drugs that increase GABA activity in the brain
D. The most successful treatment for anxeity disorders are drugs that increase GABA activity in the brain
What does recurring episodes of intense anxiety that have a sudden onset for no apparent reason describe?
A. Generalized anxiety disorder
B. Panic disorder
C. Obsessive-compulsive disorder
D. Agoraphobia
B. Panic disorder
Kimberly constantly thinks her immaculate house is dirty and spends most of her time cleaning, scrubbing, and straightening up. She could be diagnosed as suffering from which disorder?
A. Thought disorder
B. Specific dirt phobia
C. Obsessive-compulsive disorder
D. Generalized anxiety disorder
C. Obsessivecompulsive disorder
Which type of somatic symptom disorder typically develops soon after specific serious stress or conflict?
A. Multiple personality
B. Conversion disorder
C. Somatization disorder
D. Hypochondriasis
B. Conversion disorder
Your careless smoking caused your family’s home to burn down. You are most likely to develop which disorder?
A. Panic disorder
B. Dissociative identity disorder
C. Dissociative amnesia
D. Dissociative fugue disorder
C. Dissociative amnesia
A history of significant childhood trauma - primarily sexual abuse - is frequently associated with which of the following?
A. Generalized anxiety disorder
B. Dissociative identity disorder
C. Dissociative amnesia
D. Schizophrenia
B. Dissociative identity disorder
Jeff alternates periods of euphoria and frantic activity with periods of deep depression and is suffering from which disorder?
A. Seasonal affective disorder
B. Obsessive-compulsive disorder
C. Major depression
D. Bipolar disorder
D. Bipolar disorder
According to the cognitive-behavioral perspective, what is the cause of mood disorders?
A. Repressed love-hate relationships
B. Results of a loss of a primary source of reinforcement, such as the loss of a loved one or of a loss of any kind
C. Results of pavlovian conditioning
D. Deficiency of brain chemicals
B. Results of a loss of a primary source of reinforcement such a the loss of a loved one or of a loss of any kind
The disturbances in emotional expression associated wit schizophrenia are characterized _____
A. By a blunted or flat affect
B. As inappropriate
C. Neither of the above apply
D. Either of the above apply
D. Either of the above apply
Which of the following statements concerning schizophrenia is true?
A. Manifestations of (symptoms) appear during middle and old age
B. The prognosis for overcoming schizophrenia is good
C. Schizophrenia may go in and out of remission early in the disease
D. Schizophrenia patients are typically dangerous to others
C. Schizophrenia may go in and out of remission early in the disease
A person believes that elementary school teachers are nurturing people. Of what is this an example?
A. A person schema
B. An attribution
C. Prejudice
D. An implicit personality theory
A. A personal schema
As to what is an assumption that behavior is determined by internal causes, such as personal attitudes or goals, referred?
A. Consensus
B. Fundamental attribution
C. Situational attribution
D. Dispositional attribution
D. Dispositional attribution
Which of the following is included in the definition of attitudes?
A. Attitudes involve predispositions to respond in a consistent way
B. Attitudes are learned
C. Attitudes are enduring
D. All of the above are included in the definition
D. All of the above are included in the definition
We probably will be in a state of _____ when people that we like do not agree with us
A. Nonbalance
B. Imbalance
C. Balance
D. Dissonance
D. Dissonance
A used car salesman tells you, “That’s a fine car at an outstanding price.” This salesman is not effective in persuading you to buy the car, in the large part for what reason?
A. There is little prestige associated with being a used car salesman
B. The salesman is unattractive
C. You doubt that the salesman is trustworthy
D. You doubt that the salesman has any expertise concerning cars
C. You doubt that the salesman is trustworthy
We divide out world into two groups of people, “us” and “them.” You and I belong to which group?
A. Outgroup
B. Ingroup
C. Minority group
D. Known group
B. Ingroup
During what periods do overt acts of prejudice tend to increase?
A. Isolation between the groups
B. Voluntary cooperation
C. Forced cooperation
D. Frustration
D. Frustration
Who would be least likely to exhibit conforming behavior in Asch’s experiment involving line-comparison judgements?
A. An individual with low self esteem
B. An architectural craftsman
C. A college freshman in a group of college seniors
D. The last individual to answer in a group of seven subjects
B. An architectural craftsman
What did Milgram’s study examine?
A. Obedience
B. The authoritarian personality
C. Conformity
D. Compliance
A. Obedience
A cross-cultural study of sex differences in mate selection found which of the following to be true?
A. Men and women both place very high values on physical attractiveness
B. Women place greater value on physical attractiveness than men
C. Men place greater value on physical attractiveness than women
D. Men and women in industrial societies place less value on physical attractiveness than men and women in more primitive societies
C. Men place greater value on physical attractiveness than women
