Chapters 12, 13, 14, and 15: Microbial Evolution, Metabolic Diversity, Functional Diversity,

Question 1

Stromatolites

Answer 1

Fossil evidence of early life

Microbial mats made of filamentous photorophs and minerals

Question 2

Subsurface origin hypothesis

Answer 2

Life began around hydrothermal springs

Good access to H2S, electron donor

Question 3

RNA world theory

Answer 3

First genetic code was self-replicating, self-folding RNA

Eventually moved to DNA because of greater stability

Question 4

First oxygen producers

Answer 4

Cyanobacteria
Early photorophs
Used H2O instead of H2S to reduce CO2

Question 5

Systematics

Answer 5

Phylogeny + systematis

Question 6

Genotypic methods of systematics

Answer 6

DNA-DNA hybridization
Ribotyping (rRNA fingerprints)
Multilocus sequence typing (MLST)
GC ratio

Question 7

Phenotypic method of systematics

Answer 7

FAME analysis- breaking down and examining phospholipid

Question 8

Function of metabolic pathways

Answer 8

to produce energy or nutrients

bidirectional

Question 9

Difference between anoxygenic and oxygenic photosynthesizers

Answer 9

Anoxygenic photosynthesizers use inorganic sources to produce electrons

Question 10

Bacterial structure analagous to chloroplast

Answer 10

Chlorosome

More chlorosomes = greater light-capturing efficiency

Question 11

Calvin Cycle

Answer 11

Produces biomass from CO2

Highly energy-consumptive (requires a lot of ATP)

Question 12

Denitrification

Answer 12

reduction of nitrate into nitrogen gas

NO3 -> N2

Question 13

Nitrification

Answer 13

oxidation of nitrogen gas into nitrate

N2 -> NH4 -> NO2 -> NO3

Question 14

Nitroso prefix

Answer 14

Oxidizes ammonia

Question 15

Nitro prefix

Answer 15

Oxidizes nitrite

Question 16

Heterofermenters

Answer 16

Produce CO2 from lactic acid fermentation

Question 17

Methanogenesis

Answer 17

Production of methane by reducing CO2 using H2

Question 18

Methanotrophs

Answer 18

Use methane as carbon source and electron donor

Question 19

Thermophilic adaptations

Answer 19

Little peptidoglycan
Ether instead of ester linkages
Long chain diols

Question 20

Sulfur reduction

Answer 20

SO4 -> H2S

Question 21

Spirochetes

Answer 21

Have wound up endoflagella, move like a spring

Pathogenic, include leptospira

Question 22

4 major bacterial phyla

Answer 22

Proteobacteria (gram neg)
Actinobacteria
Firmicutes
Bacteriodetes