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Animal Science 2200.01 > Chapters 1-4 > Flashcards

Chapters 1-4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Animal testing is required prior to most clinical studies and is mandated by:

A

Federal Law

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2
Q

The two most common uses of animals in research include

A

Drug Research and Vaccine Biology

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3
Q

As household income decreases meat consumption increases/decreases,and dairy consumption increases/decreases

A

decreases, decreases

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4
Q

Animals used in dairying vary considerably and reflects environment and resources. The top five animals contributing to global milk supply include

A

Cattle, camel, goats, sheep, water buffalo

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5
Q

The value of animal transportation is greater/lesser/equivalent (select one) transfer or is the most efficient form of nutrient transfer (select the correct order of terms for the above statement).

A

lateral transfer or conversion. Lateral

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6
Q

process by which diversity is introduced within animals.

A

Evolution

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7
Q

The three phases of animal development

A

Evolution/Domestication/Production

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8
Q

Consider the descriptions of the contributions of animal products to world and US food supply

A

Animal products contribute a greater percentage of calories to food supply in the US as compared to their contribution to world food supply.
Animal products contribute to a greater percentage of total protein than total calories to world food supply

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9
Q

According to the theory of evolution:

A

Successful organisms emerge through modifications that increase chances of survival

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10
Q

In evolutionary theory, modifications that occur are known as ______________ and will become more commone within a population through the process of ________________ selection, when the modification offers an advantage to the organisms survival.

A

mutations/natural

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11
Q

Process by which a population of animals becomes adapted to humans and a captive environment, occurring over generations

A

Domestication

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12
Q

Animals that have never undergone domestication

A

Wild

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13
Q

Animals that show docility toward humans. Docility may be temporary and does not occur in subsequent generations

A

Tame

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14
Q

Domesticated animals that have returned to a wild state following isolation from human interaction

A

Feral

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15
Q

The period of learning in which an animals social group is defined, otherwise known as______, contributed to the successful domestication of animals.

A

Imprinting

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16
Q

Most animals can distinguish between the tastes bitter, sour, sweet, and salty. An exception is ___________, which have poorly developed sense of taste

A

Poultry

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17
Q

The visual awareness of dogs is perceived through

A

Contrasts and boundaries

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18
Q

The theory of meat-eating in the human diet states

A

Meat provided increased calories and led to decreased stomach size and redirection of calories for brain development
Meat provided increased calories and led to decreased stomach size as less calories were needed for digestion.

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19
Q

Consider the listing of behavioral characteristics. Select the lists of characteristics that would facilitate domestication

A

large social groups, hierarchical group structure, promiscuous mating, altricial young

males dominate over females, sexual signals by posture, imprinting period, precocial young

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20
Q

In evolutionary theory, modifications that occur are known as ______________ and will become more commone within a population through the process of ________________ selection, when the modification offers an advantage to the organisms survival.

A

mutations/natural

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21
Q

Behaviors are affected by an animals____and the______

A

Genetics/Environment

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22
Q

Behaviors that are predominantly influenced by the animal’s______can be increased or decreased within the population by______selection.

A

Genetics/Artificial

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23
Q

Many individuals have contributed to the study of behavior. John Ray

A

Identified that complex behaviors develop without learning.

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24
Q

You recently decided to add a new breed of sheep to your current flock. You observe that the new breed is more flighty and less docile than your current breed. This behavior is seen in the offspring as well, despite no change in management practices, indicating that the behavior is greatly influenced by the animals

A

genetics

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25
Q

True or False: Enclosure of wild animals contributed to the domestication process

A

True

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26
Q

True or False: Animals with altricial young and high agility were ideally domesticated

A

False

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27
Q

True or False: Although horses were domesticated for food, buffalo of equitorial regions were domesticated for draft.

A

True

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28
Q

The ___________ and ___________ approaches to defining animal welfare do not consider the modification of behaviors that occurs with domestication

A

Animal Choice and Nature of the Species Approach

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29
Q

The Five Freedoms approach of animal welfare

A 
Freedom from hunger and thirst
Freedom from discomfort
Freedom from pain, injury, and disease
Freedom to express normal behavior
Freedom from fear and distress
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30
Q

Although the origins of domestication are not known, which of the following most likely contributed:

A

Capture and/or enclosure of animals near human settlements

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31
Q

A limitation to the Biological Function Approach in assessing animal welfare is:

A

It does not consider the social aspects of animal behavior

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32
Q

The Animal Welfare Act defines animal as any live or dead

A

Rabbit, Monkey, Dog, and Cat

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33
Q

Which of the following defines an essential nutrient

A

Not produced in sufficient quantities within the body

Not produced within the body

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34
Q

The process involved in ______contribute to the genetic diversity of living systems, whereas______considers the process by which striking variation arises within species

A

Evolution/Domestication

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35
Q

Animal are excluded from the Animal Welfare Act when used for

A

Food

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36
Q

Humans and other animals have what type of relationship

A

Symbiotic- is of mutual benefit and has been cultivated over 1000’s of years-Interdependent on one another

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37
Q

Humans rely on domesticated animals for

A
  1. Food- dairy, meat, eggs
  2. Fiber- wool, feathers, hides
  3. Companionship
  4. Protection
  5. Transportation
  6. Services, therapy
  7. Draft, fuel
  8. Research
  9. Entertainment- hunting, zoos
  10. Nutrients
  11. Slaughter by products
  12. models for teaching
  13. Capital-financial stability
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38
Q

Eating meat allowed what

A

guts to shrink and become more digestible

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39
Q

Protein did what

A

improved nutrient intake and health benefits

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40
Q

U.S. consumes _____ of their calories from animal products compared to the world’s ___

A

67%, 33%

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41
Q

U.S. consumes ___ protein from animal products compared to the world’s ___

A

70%, 30%

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42
Q

As we make more money we spend more money on what?

A

animal products

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43
Q

What influences trends?

A
  1. Religion
  2. Availability of animal- geographic location
  3. Marketing/advertising
  4. Alternative food choices
  5. income/economics
  6. Media
  7. Perceptions
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44
Q

The three types of animal fibers

A
  1. Wool
  2. Mohair and Cashmere
  3. Angora
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45
Q

Define wool:

A

most dominant but only represents 5% of textiles

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46
Q

Where does cashmere and mohair come from?

A

goats

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47
Q

Where does angora come from?

A

Undercoats of rabbits

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48
Q

Define conservation of agriculture

A

sustainable practices for smallholder farming systems, for erosion control, noxious weed control and pasture management

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49
Q

Why do we use animals in research?

A
  1. serves as models for humans and other animals
  2. Need the numbers
  3. Discover how life works
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50
Q

Animals not protected under Animal Welfare Act

A

Mice, rats, birds, reptiles

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51
Q

Animals covered under Animal Welfare Act

A

Dogs, Non-human primates, rabbits, pigs, sheep, and other farm animals

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52
Q

Animal research benefits are

A
  1. over 80 medicines developed for humans are used to treat animals
  2. cataract surgery, orthopedic surgery, cardiac pacemaker, diabetes therapy, in-vitro fertilization
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53
Q

Animals appeared when?

A

Cavarian explosion

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54
Q

How long ago did the first animal appear and what animal was it like?

A

231 billion years ago; reptile like animal

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55
Q

When did domestication begin?

A

31,000-5000 years ago

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56
Q

What was the first animal domesticated and how long ago?

A

Wolf; 12,000-15,000 but new study suggests 31,000 years ago

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57
Q

The four people who have contributed to evolution

A

Darwin, Wallace, Wells, and Matthews

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58
Q

Darwin’s greatest contribution was what?

A

natural selection

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59
Q

Why is tree of life so controversial?

A

States that all organisms come from same origin

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60
Q

Modifications=

A

Mutations

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61
Q

Artificial selection goes against what?

A

natural selection

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62
Q

Natural selection works on what?

A

existing variations

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63
Q

The strongest desire for any animal

A

to survive

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64
Q

The second strongest desire is what?

A

to reproduce

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65
Q

What is needed for animals to reproduce?

A

Proper habitat and feed

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66
Q

Why is animals mortality high?

A

Not all offspring can survive; animal reproduces above capacity

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67
Q

Why does the environment have to stay the same?

A

In order for the new variations to be adopted

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68
Q

Domestication needs what?

A

Species to change over space and time

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69
Q

Prominent markers in domestication

A

Tameness, Docility, changes of coat, tail, head spotting, floppy ears

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70
Q

The theory of domestication is supported by what?

A

Farm fox experiments

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71
Q

Scientist known for the farm fox experiments?

A

Demetri

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72
Q

The stages of animal keeping

A
  1. Domestication

2. Breeding

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73
Q

Domestication at first was what?

A

Unintentional

74
Q

Major species in domestication

A

cattle, hog, sheep, horse, goats

75
Q

Minor species in domestication

A

donkey, yak, camel, llamas, reindeer

76
Q

Define precocial

A

maturity at birth

77
Q

define altricial:

A

greater reliance on maternal care

78
Q

Domestication reduces what?

A

Animal’s flight zone and aggression

79
Q

Domestication is what

A

passing of docility from generation to generation

80
Q

Feral is what

A

an animal that was once domesticated but returned to wild

81
Q

Mortality in domesticated pigs

A

10%

82
Q

Mortality in wild pigs

A

50%

83
Q

Domestication causes what to happen to the brain

A

causes brain size to decrease

84
Q

Population expansion caused what

A

migration with animals not capable, hunting no longer able to be sustained, increased community living around water resources

85
Q

Archaeological Evidence:

A

changes in skeletal size, changes in horn shape and size, male and female ratios

86
Q

Why are the animals all around the world?

A

Human migration

87
Q

Pigs in U.S. traced back to what?

A

Descendants of pigs in Europe

88
Q

Cattle trace back to what?

A

a herd of 80 head which existed until 1627

89
Q

Dogs trace back to what?

A

One species of wolf

90
Q

Domestication is what?

A

A gradual event therefore a precise timeline can not be achieved

91
Q

Animal behavior is

A

both physical and social actions

92
Q

Animal behaviorist was once know as

A

pseudoscience

93
Q

What are animal instincts?

A

behaviors that animals are born with

94
Q

believed only humans were aware of self-awareness

A

Descartes

95
Q

believed some animals have behavior that they are born with

A

Ray

96
Q

believed animals have common behaviors

A

Darwin

97
Q

What affects behavior

A

Environment and genetics

98
Q

Environment and genetics affect what

A

Phenotype of an animal

99
Q

Behavior can not be eliminated with

A

selection but can be decreased

100
Q

Define: imprinting

A

learns its species and social order and what animal does, strong in precocial young

101
Q

Mechanisms controlling behavior

A

comparative psychology

102
Q

Biological basis of behavior

A

Sociobiology

103
Q

Relationship between behavior and environment

A

Behavioral ecology

104
Q

behavior of animal in its natural environment employs the development and use of ethograms

A

Ethology

105
Q

take into a count behaviors of animal in typical and usual habitat

A

applied ethology

106
Q

animals perceive environment through what

A

senses

107
Q

Hearing depends on what

A

Ear position

108
Q

What is the Flehmeri response

A

Lips curling often occurs during mating season

109
Q

What organ do humans not have for olfactory

A

V organ

110
Q

Why are cattle sensitive

A

Layer underneath skin

111
Q

Grooming reduces what

A

aggression

112
Q

define umami

A

meat taste

113
Q

What allows us to taste umami

A

glumate

114
Q

dolphins have greater sensitivity to what

A

salty taste

115
Q

Dogs detect what taste

A

sweet

116
Q

Birds are sensitive to what

A

vision

117
Q

Associated with predator type animals; can distinguish boundaries because of depth vision

A

Binocular vision

118
Q

Have greater depth vision than monocular

A

binocular vision

119
Q

Associated with central nervous system

A

Bio rhythms

120
Q

Allows us to determine if animals are nocturnal

A

Cricadian rhythm

121
Q

Animals can go without water for how long

A

7 days

122
Q

Animals that go into deep sleep

A

humans, dogs, poultry, hogs

123
Q

Animals that can not go into deep sleep

A

cattle, sheep, horses, and goats

124
Q

What can’t sheep, cattle, horses, and goats go into deep sleep

A

Ruminant digestive system is always active

125
Q

laying on sternum but light deep sleep

A

sternal recompsy

126
Q

lay on side but can’t do it for long periods of time

A

cateral recompsy

127
Q

social hierarchy, very linear but can be circular,

A

social structure

128
Q

imprinting allows animals to learn what

A

social structure

129
Q

Use stimuli to get response from animal

A

conditioning

130
Q

repetitive behavior/reward form of learning

A

trial and error

131
Q

getting animals use to a stimuli

A

habituation

132
Q

Critical periods of learning; short periods of time can occur within a few hours of birth

A

development of behavior

133
Q

Animals should not suffer unnecessarily and under human care should be provided with an adequate environment and provisions to meet their physical and behavioral needs

A

animal welfare

134
Q

animals have intrinsic rights to life and liberty just as humans

A

animal rights

135
Q

welfare defined by emotions: anger, fear, joy and happiness

A

feelings based

136
Q

Wants to increase positive emotions and decrease negative emotions

A

feelings based

137
Q

improve welfare by respecting nature of the animal= natural environment and natural ways

A

Nature of the species

138
Q

Name the five freedoms

A
  1. Freedom from hunger and thirst
  2. freedom from discomfort
  3. freedom from pain, injury, and disease
  4. freedom to express normal behavior
  5. freedom from fear and distress
139
Q

allow animal to select or choose its own resources, space, flooring, parturition sites

A

animal choices

140
Q

are there biological costs associated with the environment? Difficulty in adaptation generates welfare problems

A

biological function

141
Q

Why do scientists like biological function

A

They like it since it can be measured and is objective

142
Q

One problem with biological function is what

A

not concerned with social environment of the animal

143
Q

Stereotypical behavior can not be getting rid but can what

A

be modified

144
Q

relationship between the body and food

A

nutrition

145
Q

what experiment was conducted in the book of Daniel in the Bible

A

One group of soldiers ate vegetables and the other group of soldiers fatty foods
Group that ate vegetables had more energy

146
Q

recognized that children need more food than adults and have higher bmr

A

Hippocrates

147
Q

developed estimated heat involved in CO2. Calorie= material substance

A

Lavosier

148
Q

designed experiment and gave single component of food to an animal

A

Magendie

149
Q

Was first county that focused on how to make animals more efficient; learned about different classifications of food

A

Germany Industry Shift

150
Q

When was the vitamin breakthrough

A

1880s

151
Q

Tested chickens and found that brown rice had element that was the vitamin thaimine

A

Christian Eijkman

152
Q

credited with initial studies of Vitamin A

A

Stephen Babcock

153
Q

use of food or feed are consumed, metabolized, assimilated and waste products eliminated

A

nutrition

154
Q

supports growth, tissue maintenance and repair and extension of products

A

nutrition

155
Q

nondispensible; body doesn’t make enough

A

essential

156
Q

dispensible

A

nonessential

157
Q

functions of nutrients

A

structure components, sources of energy, regulatory functions

158
Q

What nutrient does not have a class of being essential or nonessential

A

carbohydrates

159
Q

function of the carbon skeleton

A

energy

160
Q

Protein

A

4

161
Q

carbohydrates

A

4

162
Q

lipids

A

9

163
Q

breakdown=

A

catabolism

164
Q

buildup=

A

buildup

165
Q

amount of heat required to raise temperature of one gram of water form 14.5-15.5 C

A

calorie

166
Q

1000 cal=1 Cal=

A

4.184 joules

167
Q

Digestable energy=

A

GE- feces

168
Q

Metabolism energy=

A

Ge- feces-urine

169
Q

net energy=

A

Ge-feces-urine-heat off body

170
Q

Net energy goes toward what

A

maintenance

growth, reproduction, lactation

171
Q

vitamins aren’t detected by what

A

proximal analysis

172
Q

Name the six nutrients

A 
lipids
carbohydrates
protein
vitamins
water
minerals
173
Q

is essential to all living things

A

water

174
Q

required for reactions of the body

A

water

175
Q

maintains constant body temperature

A

water

176
Q

transports nutrients

A

water

177
Q

Animals can not survive a week without this nutrient

A

water

178
Q

What can not be dissolved in water

A

fats

179
Q

how the body controls its temperature

A

sweating
panting
rolling in mud
licking themselves

180
Q

Body can store fat infinitely but not what

A

carbohydrates

Animal Science 2200.01 (5 decks)

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