Chapters 1-4 Flashcards
Animal testing is required prior to most clinical studies and is mandated by:
Federal Law
The two most common uses of animals in research include
Drug Research and Vaccine Biology
As household income decreases meat consumption increases/decreases,and dairy consumption increases/decreases
decreases, decreases
Animals used in dairying vary considerably and reflects environment and resources. The top five animals contributing to global milk supply include
Cattle, camel, goats, sheep, water buffalo
The value of animal transportation is greater/lesser/equivalent (select one) transfer or is the most efficient form of nutrient transfer (select the correct order of terms for the above statement).
lateral transfer or conversion. Lateral
process by which diversity is introduced within animals.
Evolution
The three phases of animal development
Evolution/Domestication/Production
Consider the descriptions of the contributions of animal products to world and US food supply
Animal products contribute a greater percentage of calories to food supply in the US as compared to their contribution to world food supply.
Animal products contribute to a greater percentage of total protein than total calories to world food supply
According to the theory of evolution:
Successful organisms emerge through modifications that increase chances of survival
In evolutionary theory, modifications that occur are known as ______________ and will become more commone within a population through the process of ________________ selection, when the modification offers an advantage to the organisms survival.
mutations/natural
Process by which a population of animals becomes adapted to humans and a captive environment, occurring over generations
Domestication
Animals that have never undergone domestication
Wild
Animals that show docility toward humans. Docility may be temporary and does not occur in subsequent generations
Tame
Domesticated animals that have returned to a wild state following isolation from human interaction
Feral
The period of learning in which an animals social group is defined, otherwise known as______, contributed to the successful domestication of animals.
Imprinting
Most animals can distinguish between the tastes bitter, sour, sweet, and salty. An exception is ___________, which have poorly developed sense of taste
Poultry
The visual awareness of dogs is perceived through
Contrasts and boundaries
The theory of meat-eating in the human diet states
Meat provided increased calories and led to decreased stomach size and redirection of calories for brain development
Meat provided increased calories and led to decreased stomach size as less calories were needed for digestion.
Consider the listing of behavioral characteristics. Select the lists of characteristics that would facilitate domestication
large social groups, hierarchical group structure, promiscuous mating, altricial young
males dominate over females, sexual signals by posture, imprinting period, precocial young
In evolutionary theory, modifications that occur are known as ______________ and will become more commone within a population through the process of ________________ selection, when the modification offers an advantage to the organisms survival.
mutations/natural
Behaviors are affected by an animals____and the______
Genetics/Environment
Behaviors that are predominantly influenced by the animal’s______can be increased or decreased within the population by______selection.
Genetics/Artificial
Many individuals have contributed to the study of behavior. John Ray
Identified that complex behaviors develop without learning.
You recently decided to add a new breed of sheep to your current flock. You observe that the new breed is more flighty and less docile than your current breed. This behavior is seen in the offspring as well, despite no change in management practices, indicating that the behavior is greatly influenced by the animals
genetics
True or False: Enclosure of wild animals contributed to the domestication process
True
True or False: Animals with altricial young and high agility were ideally domesticated
False
True or False: Although horses were domesticated for food, buffalo of equitorial regions were domesticated for draft.
True
The ___________ and ___________ approaches to defining animal welfare do not consider the modification of behaviors that occurs with domestication
Animal Choice and Nature of the Species Approach
The Five Freedoms approach of animal welfare
Freedom from hunger and thirst Freedom from discomfort Freedom from pain, injury, and disease Freedom to express normal behavior Freedom from fear and distress
Although the origins of domestication are not known, which of the following most likely contributed:
Capture and/or enclosure of animals near human settlements
A limitation to the Biological Function Approach in assessing animal welfare is:
It does not consider the social aspects of animal behavior
The Animal Welfare Act defines animal as any live or dead
Rabbit, Monkey, Dog, and Cat
Which of the following defines an essential nutrient
Not produced in sufficient quantities within the body
Not produced within the body
The process involved in ______contribute to the genetic diversity of living systems, whereas______considers the process by which striking variation arises within species
Evolution/Domestication
Animal are excluded from the Animal Welfare Act when used for
Food
Humans and other animals have what type of relationship
Symbiotic- is of mutual benefit and has been cultivated over 1000’s of years-Interdependent on one another
Humans rely on domesticated animals for
- Food- dairy, meat, eggs
- Fiber- wool, feathers, hides
- Companionship
- Protection
- Transportation
- Services, therapy
- Draft, fuel
- Research
- Entertainment- hunting, zoos
- Nutrients
- Slaughter by products
- models for teaching
- Capital-financial stability
Eating meat allowed what
guts to shrink and become more digestible
Protein did what
improved nutrient intake and health benefits
U.S. consumes _____ of their calories from animal products compared to the world’s ___
67%, 33%
U.S. consumes ___ protein from animal products compared to the world’s ___
70%, 30%
As we make more money we spend more money on what?
animal products
What influences trends?
- Religion
- Availability of animal- geographic location
- Marketing/advertising
- Alternative food choices
- income/economics
- Media
- Perceptions
The three types of animal fibers
- Wool
- Mohair and Cashmere
- Angora
Define wool:
most dominant but only represents 5% of textiles
Where does cashmere and mohair come from?
goats
Where does angora come from?
Undercoats of rabbits
Define conservation of agriculture
sustainable practices for smallholder farming systems, for erosion control, noxious weed control and pasture management
Why do we use animals in research?
- serves as models for humans and other animals
- Need the numbers
- Discover how life works
Animals not protected under Animal Welfare Act
Mice, rats, birds, reptiles
Animals covered under Animal Welfare Act
Dogs, Non-human primates, rabbits, pigs, sheep, and other farm animals
Animal research benefits are
- over 80 medicines developed for humans are used to treat animals
- cataract surgery, orthopedic surgery, cardiac pacemaker, diabetes therapy, in-vitro fertilization
Animals appeared when?
Cavarian explosion
How long ago did the first animal appear and what animal was it like?
231 billion years ago; reptile like animal
When did domestication begin?
31,000-5000 years ago
What was the first animal domesticated and how long ago?
Wolf; 12,000-15,000 but new study suggests 31,000 years ago
The four people who have contributed to evolution
Darwin, Wallace, Wells, and Matthews
Darwin’s greatest contribution was what?
natural selection
Why is tree of life so controversial?
States that all organisms come from same origin
Modifications=
Mutations
Artificial selection goes against what?
natural selection
Natural selection works on what?
existing variations
The strongest desire for any animal
to survive
The second strongest desire is what?
to reproduce
What is needed for animals to reproduce?
Proper habitat and feed
Why is animals mortality high?
Not all offspring can survive; animal reproduces above capacity
Why does the environment have to stay the same?
In order for the new variations to be adopted
Domestication needs what?
Species to change over space and time
Prominent markers in domestication
Tameness, Docility, changes of coat, tail, head spotting, floppy ears
The theory of domestication is supported by what?
Farm fox experiments
Scientist known for the farm fox experiments?
Demetri
The stages of animal keeping
- Domestication
2. Breeding
Domestication at first was what?
Unintentional
Major species in domestication
cattle, hog, sheep, horse, goats
Minor species in domestication
donkey, yak, camel, llamas, reindeer
Define precocial
maturity at birth
define altricial:
greater reliance on maternal care
Domestication reduces what?
Animal’s flight zone and aggression
Domestication is what
passing of docility from generation to generation
Feral is what
an animal that was once domesticated but returned to wild
Mortality in domesticated pigs
10%
Mortality in wild pigs
50%
Domestication causes what to happen to the brain
causes brain size to decrease
Population expansion caused what
migration with animals not capable, hunting no longer able to be sustained, increased community living around water resources
Archaeological Evidence:
changes in skeletal size, changes in horn shape and size, male and female ratios
Why are the animals all around the world?
Human migration
Pigs in U.S. traced back to what?
Descendants of pigs in Europe
Cattle trace back to what?
a herd of 80 head which existed until 1627
Dogs trace back to what?
One species of wolf
Domestication is what?
A gradual event therefore a precise timeline can not be achieved
Animal behavior is
both physical and social actions
Animal behaviorist was once know as
pseudoscience
What are animal instincts?
behaviors that animals are born with
believed only humans were aware of self-awareness
Descartes
believed some animals have behavior that they are born with
Ray
believed animals have common behaviors
Darwin
What affects behavior
Environment and genetics
Environment and genetics affect what
Phenotype of an animal
Behavior can not be eliminated with
selection but can be decreased
Define: imprinting
learns its species and social order and what animal does, strong in precocial young
Mechanisms controlling behavior
comparative psychology
Biological basis of behavior
Sociobiology
Relationship between behavior and environment
Behavioral ecology
behavior of animal in its natural environment employs the development and use of ethograms
Ethology
take into a count behaviors of animal in typical and usual habitat
applied ethology
animals perceive environment through what
senses
Hearing depends on what
Ear position
What is the Flehmeri response
Lips curling often occurs during mating season
What organ do humans not have for olfactory
V organ
Why are cattle sensitive
Layer underneath skin
Grooming reduces what
aggression
define umami
meat taste
What allows us to taste umami
glumate
dolphins have greater sensitivity to what
salty taste
Dogs detect what taste
sweet
Birds are sensitive to what
vision
Associated with predator type animals; can distinguish boundaries because of depth vision
Binocular vision
Have greater depth vision than monocular
binocular vision
Associated with central nervous system
Bio rhythms
Allows us to determine if animals are nocturnal
Cricadian rhythm
Animals can go without water for how long
7 days
Animals that go into deep sleep
humans, dogs, poultry, hogs
Animals that can not go into deep sleep
cattle, sheep, horses, and goats
What can’t sheep, cattle, horses, and goats go into deep sleep
Ruminant digestive system is always active
laying on sternum but light deep sleep
sternal recompsy
lay on side but can’t do it for long periods of time
cateral recompsy
social hierarchy, very linear but can be circular,
social structure
imprinting allows animals to learn what
social structure
Use stimuli to get response from animal
conditioning
repetitive behavior/reward form of learning
trial and error
getting animals use to a stimuli
habituation
Critical periods of learning; short periods of time can occur within a few hours of birth
development of behavior
Animals should not suffer unnecessarily and under human care should be provided with an adequate environment and provisions to meet their physical and behavioral needs
animal welfare
animals have intrinsic rights to life and liberty just as humans
animal rights
welfare defined by emotions: anger, fear, joy and happiness
feelings based
Wants to increase positive emotions and decrease negative emotions
feelings based
improve welfare by respecting nature of the animal= natural environment and natural ways
Nature of the species
Name the five freedoms
- Freedom from hunger and thirst
- freedom from discomfort
- freedom from pain, injury, and disease
- freedom to express normal behavior
- freedom from fear and distress
allow animal to select or choose its own resources, space, flooring, parturition sites
animal choices
are there biological costs associated with the environment? Difficulty in adaptation generates welfare problems
biological function
Why do scientists like biological function
They like it since it can be measured and is objective
One problem with biological function is what
not concerned with social environment of the animal
Stereotypical behavior can not be getting rid but can what
be modified
relationship between the body and food
nutrition
what experiment was conducted in the book of Daniel in the Bible
One group of soldiers ate vegetables and the other group of soldiers fatty foods
Group that ate vegetables had more energy
recognized that children need more food than adults and have higher bmr
Hippocrates
developed estimated heat involved in CO2. Calorie= material substance
Lavosier
designed experiment and gave single component of food to an animal
Magendie
Was first county that focused on how to make animals more efficient; learned about different classifications of food
Germany Industry Shift
When was the vitamin breakthrough
1880s
Tested chickens and found that brown rice had element that was the vitamin thaimine
Christian Eijkman
credited with initial studies of Vitamin A
Stephen Babcock
use of food or feed are consumed, metabolized, assimilated and waste products eliminated
nutrition
supports growth, tissue maintenance and repair and extension of products
nutrition
nondispensible; body doesn’t make enough
essential
dispensible
nonessential
functions of nutrients
structure components, sources of energy, regulatory functions
What nutrient does not have a class of being essential or nonessential
carbohydrates
function of the carbon skeleton
energy
Protein
4
carbohydrates
4
lipids
9
breakdown=
catabolism
buildup=
buildup
amount of heat required to raise temperature of one gram of water form 14.5-15.5 C
calorie
1000 cal=1 Cal=
4.184 joules
Digestable energy=
GE- feces
Metabolism energy=
Ge- feces-urine
net energy=
Ge-feces-urine-heat off body
Net energy goes toward what
maintenance
growth, reproduction, lactation
vitamins aren’t detected by what
proximal analysis
Name the six nutrients
lipids carbohydrates protein vitamins water minerals
is essential to all living things
water
required for reactions of the body
water
maintains constant body temperature
water
transports nutrients
water
Animals can not survive a week without this nutrient
water
What can not be dissolved in water
fats
how the body controls its temperature
sweating
panting
rolling in mud
licking themselves
Body can store fat infinitely but not what
carbohydrates
