Chapter 4 Flashcards
What is nutrition?
The relationship between body and food
First experiment of nutrition
Book of Daniel
What experiment was conducted in the Book of Daniel
Daniel refused to eat King’s food instead he ate vegetables and had more energy than those soldiers that ate King’s high in fat food
Hippocrates recognized what
That children need more food than adults and that children have a higher BMR
What did Lavosier develop
Estimated heat involved in carbon dioxide and that a calorie is equal to substance
Magendie discovered what?
An animal can not survive on one component of food
When was the vitamin breakthrough
1880s
What was the first record of vitamin deficiency
Dutch soldiers complained of weakened legs, shortness of breath, edema, and heart failure
Eijkman’s experiment led to the discovery of what vitamin
Thaimine (B1)
Babcock was credited with the first studies of what vitamin
Vitamin A
Define nutrition
Use of food or feed consumed, metabolized, assimilated, and waste products eliminated
What are the functions of nutrition
Supports growth, tissue maintenance and repair, and extension of products
Any chemical element or compound in a diet that supports maintenance of life is what?
Nutrition
What are the six nutrients
Water, vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, protein, lipids
What is an essential nutrient
It is indispensable; body doesn’t make enough
What is a nonessential nutrient
it is dispensable
The functions of a nutrient
Structural components, sources of energy, regulatory functions
What nutrient does not have a class of being essential or nonessential
Carbohydrates
What is the function of energy
Function of the carbon skeleton
Protein is equal to what Kcal/g
4
Carbohydrates is equal to what Kcal/g
4
Lipids is equal to what Kcal/g
9
Breakdown is equal to what
catabolism
Buildup is equal to what
anabolism
What are the components of metabolism
catabolism and anabolism
The measure of energy is what
calorimetry
What is a calorie
amount of heat required to raise temperature of one gram of water from 14.5-15.5 C
Bomb Calorimeter=
Gross Energy
1000 Calories =
4.184 Kjoules
Digestible energy is what?
Gross Energy - feces
What is metabolism energy is what?
GE-feces-urine
What is net energy
GE-feces-urine-heat off body
The net energy goes towards what
maintenance and growth, reproduction, and lactation
What nutrient is not detected by proximal analysis
vitamins
What nutrient is essential to all living things
water
Water is required for what
reactions of the body, to maintain a constant body temperature, and to transport nutrients
How long can an animal live without water
one week
How is the body temperature of an animal controlled
sweating, panting, rolling in mud, and licking themselves
What are simple carbohydrates made of
monosaccharides and disaccharides
Name three monosaccharides
glucose, fructose, and galatose
Name three dissacharrides
maltose, sucrose, lactose
Complex carbohydrates is also called what
polysaccharides
The three polysaccharides are
starch, dietary fiber, and glycogen
the two types of starch
amylose and amylopectin
the three types of dietary fiber
cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin
Name the three volatile fatty acids
acetate, proprionate, and butyrate
lipids are what
fats and oils
What form does most fat come in
triglycerol
This type of fat is when the carbon is saturated
Saturated fat
This type of fat is when it had double bonds and kinks
Unsaturated fat
This type of fat’s composition is similar to saturated fat
Trans fat
Proteins are made up of what
amino acids
How many amino acids are needed to make up a protein
20
the primary structure of an amino acid is what
linear
The second structure of an amino acid is what
alpha helix, pleated sheet
The third structure of an amino acid is what
tertiary structure
The fourth structure of an amino acid is what
quaternary structure
Which group is distinct in all amino acids
R
In an aqueous solution proteins have both what
+ and - charge
What percentage of a protein is nitrogen
16%
What two essential amino acids are not needed in adults
arginine and histidine
This essential amino acid is needed in early stages in human and hogs
histidine
The different 20 amino acids depends on what
The animal
Obligatory carnivores need to have what additional requirement
taurine
What additional requirement do insects need
carnitine
When was the first vitamin found
1901
When was most vitamins found
1910-1931
Where did the earliest studies come from
sailors and chickens
The two types of vitamins are
fat soluble, and water soluble
What are the fat soluble vitamins
vitamin A,D,E,K
What are the water soluble vitamins
ascorbic, niacin, biotin, choline, cobalamin, folic acid, pantothenic acid, pyridozine, riboflavin, and thiamin
Vitamin A is need for what
Vision and embryonic growth
Vitamin D is needed for what
Necessary for calcium intake and we make cholesterol from it
Vitamin A is needed for what
membrane function
Vitamin K is needed for what
anticoagulation
Ascorbic is produced from what
glucose
What vitamin is not really considered a vitamin
cobalamin
Deficiency in pantothenic acid causes what
goose stepping
Deficiency in vitamin D causes what
rickets
Deficiency in thiamine causes what
opistholomous
Deficiency in niacin causes what
retarded development
What are the most common losses in a human
Vitamin A, E, C, Riboflavin, folate, vitamin D if house bound, vitamin B12 if strict vegan or vegetarian
Most common losses of vitamins in livestock
vitamin A and E, Niacin
What reflects type of diet for animals
teeth
Have long, sharp, and pointed to allow to tear flesh and break bones; have strong strong jaws
Carnivores
Have molars that become flattened to crush grains (L-shaped to move side by side matter)
Omnivores
Have hard pad on top of mouth to help tear rash and increase surface area
Herbivores
Tusks are examples of what teeth
canine teeth
What type of digestive system does cattle, sheep, deer, and camels have?
Ruminant
What type of digestive system does monkeys, hamsters, kangaroos, and hippos have?
Nonruminanting
Ferment behind the hind gut
postgastric fermenters
Examples of cecal digesters
rabbits, rats, and mice
Examples of colonic digesters
elephant, horse, pigs, humans, panda, and cats
Prehension=
required diet
needed to break down carbohydrates
amylase
Amylase is not activated in what kind of environment
acidic environment
Pepsin breaks down what
proteins
gastriclipids break down what
lipids
Pepsin and gastriclipids work in what and is activated by what kind of environment
stomach, acidic environment
This part of the SI is nestled around pancreas and liver
duedenum
this part of the SI is where nutrients are absorbed?
jejunum
Where are most nutrients absorbed?
jejunum
This part of the SI has villi
jejunum
fingerlike projections
villi
Increases surface area to increase absorption
microvilli
Where do lipids enter
lymph vessel/ system
anything water soluble enters where
blood system
What is the first section of the avian stomach
proventiculous
what is the second section of the avian stomach
gizard
Where does feed first go
crop
why does the esophagus expand
expands for food
Do the avians get a continual flow of nutrients
yes
What does the gizzard do
grinds feed and enzymes from the proventriculous will begin to work
What does the gallbladder produce
bile that breakdowns fat
In a ruminant system what is referred to the as the true stomach
abomasum
Is there a physical barrier between the rumen and the reticulum
no
What are some differences between the rumen and the reticulum
linings of the two
reticulum has a honeycomb appearance
rumen has papillae
rumen is on the left side of cattle
what is the purpose of the papillae in the rumen
to increase surface area
the reticulum is known as what
the pacemaker
what can provide up to 50% of amino acids
bacteria that the animal digested
What part of the ruminant system can the animal live without
omasum
What is the appearance of the omasum
Looks like pages in a book when sliced open
if a farmer feeds a magnet to prevent hardware disease where will the magnet end up
reticulum
what is the pH level of pregastric
6.5
What happens when the abomasum contracts
feed goes to the SI
pregastric fermenters are a result of what
limited postgastric fermentation
What is a benefit of a ruminant system
utilize feedstuff that other animals can not produce
what do ruminants produce
volatile fatty acids
name 3 of the VFA
acetate, propionate, butyrate
what does the animal do with the VFA
can be used for energy
What 2 microbes does the rumen house
bacteria and protozoa
what do the microbes do
synthesize proteins, vitamin B, vitamin K, and essential fatty acids
Rumen synthesizes what
nutrients that the animal needs
What also destroys the essential nutrients found in feeds
rumen
Animals are born without what
rumen
what is formed so that feed can be bypassed the rumen
esophagus forms tube with the reticulum
where does the rumen get all of its bacteria
from the outside environment/feed
The bacteria in the rumen is a result of what 2 actions
suckling
exploring and mouthing the environment
Examples of ruminant modified animals
camels and llamas
What is the origin of amylase
saliva
pancreas
what is the substrate of amylase
carbohydrates
what is product of amylase
maltose
origin of lactase
SI
substrate of lactase
lactose
products of lactase
glucose+galactose
origin of maltase
SI
substrate of maltase
maltose
products of maltase
glucose
origin of sucrase
SI
substrate of sucrase
sucorse
products of sucrase
glucose+fructose
origin of lipase
saliva, stomach, pancreas
substrate of lipase
triglycerides
products of lipase
diglycerides, monoglycerides, and free fatty acids
origin of pepsin
stomach
substrate of pepsin
proteins
products of pepsin
peptides
origin of trypsin
pancreas
substrate of trypsin
proteins and peptides
products of trypsin
peptides
origin of chymotrypsin
pancreas
substrate of chymotrypsin
protein and peptides
products of chymotrypsin
peptides
origin of carboxypeptidase
pancreas
substrate of carboxypeptidase
peptides
products of carboxypeptidase
amino acids
origin of aminopeptidase
SI
substrate of aminopeptidase
peptides
products of aminopeptidase
amino acids
