Chapter 4 Flashcards
1
Q
What is nutrition?
A
The relationship between body and food
2
Q
First experiment of nutrition
A
Book of Daniel
3
Q
What experiment was conducted in the Book of Daniel
A
Daniel refused to eat King’s food instead he ate vegetables and had more energy than those soldiers that ate King’s high in fat food
4
Q
Hippocrates recognized what
A
That children need more food than adults and that children have a higher BMR
5
Q
What did Lavosier develop
A
Estimated heat involved in carbon dioxide and that a calorie is equal to substance
6
Q
Magendie discovered what?
A
An animal can not survive on one component of food
7
Q
When was the vitamin breakthrough
A
1880s
8
Q
What was the first record of vitamin deficiency
A
Dutch soldiers complained of weakened legs, shortness of breath, edema, and heart failure
9
Q
Eijkman’s experiment led to the discovery of what vitamin
A
Thaimine (B1)
10
Q
Babcock was credited with the first studies of what vitamin
A
Vitamin A
11
Q
Define nutrition
A
Use of food or feed consumed, metabolized, assimilated, and waste products eliminated
12
Q
What are the functions of nutrition
A
Supports growth, tissue maintenance and repair, and extension of products
13
Q
Any chemical element or compound in a diet that supports maintenance of life is what?
A
Nutrition
14
Q
What are the six nutrients
A
Water, vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, protein, lipids
15
Q
What is an essential nutrient
A
It is indispensable; body doesn’t make enough
16
Q
What is a nonessential nutrient
A
it is dispensable
17
Q
The functions of a nutrient
A
Structural components, sources of energy, regulatory functions
18
Q
What nutrient does not have a class of being essential or nonessential
A
Carbohydrates
19
Q
What is the function of energy
A
Function of the carbon skeleton
20
Q
Protein is equal to what Kcal/g
A
4
21
Q
Carbohydrates is equal to what Kcal/g
A
4
22
Q
Lipids is equal to what Kcal/g
A
9
23
Q
Breakdown is equal to what
A
catabolism
24
Q
Buildup is equal to what
A
anabolism
25
What are the components of metabolism
catabolism and anabolism
26
The measure of energy is what
calorimetry
27
What is a calorie
amount of heat required to raise temperature of one gram of water from 14.5-15.5 C
28
Bomb Calorimeter=
Gross Energy
29
1000 Calories =
4.184 Kjoules
30
Digestible energy is what?
Gross Energy - feces
31
What is metabolism energy is what?
GE-feces-urine
32
What is net energy
GE-feces-urine-heat off body
33
The net energy goes towards what
maintenance and growth, reproduction, and lactation
34
What nutrient is not detected by proximal analysis
vitamins
35
What nutrient is essential to all living things
water
36
Water is required for what
reactions of the body, to maintain a constant body temperature, and to transport nutrients
37
How long can an animal live without water
one week
38
How is the body temperature of an animal controlled
sweating, panting, rolling in mud, and licking themselves
39
What are simple carbohydrates made of
monosaccharides and disaccharides
40
Name three monosaccharides
glucose, fructose, and galatose
41
Name three dissacharrides
maltose, sucrose, lactose
42
Complex carbohydrates is also called what
polysaccharides
43
The three polysaccharides are
starch, dietary fiber, and glycogen
44
the two types of starch
amylose and amylopectin
45
the three types of dietary fiber
cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin
46
Name the three volatile fatty acids
acetate, proprionate, and butyrate
47
lipids are what
fats and oils
48
What form does most fat come in
triglycerol
49
This type of fat is when the carbon is saturated
Saturated fat
50
This type of fat is when it had double bonds and kinks
Unsaturated fat
51
This type of fat's composition is similar to saturated fat
Trans fat
52
Proteins are made up of what
amino acids
53
How many amino acids are needed to make up a protein
20
54
the primary structure of an amino acid is what
linear
55
The second structure of an amino acid is what
alpha helix, pleated sheet
56
The third structure of an amino acid is what
tertiary structure
57
The fourth structure of an amino acid is what
quaternary structure
58
Which group is distinct in all amino acids
R
59
In an aqueous solution proteins have both what
+ and - charge
60
What percentage of a protein is nitrogen
16%
61
What two essential amino acids are not needed in adults
arginine and histidine
62
This essential amino acid is needed in early stages in human and hogs
histidine
63
The different 20 amino acids depends on what
The animal
64
Obligatory carnivores need to have what additional requirement
taurine
65
What additional requirement do insects need
carnitine
66
When was the first vitamin found
1901
67
When was most vitamins found
1910-1931
68
Where did the earliest studies come from
sailors and chickens
69
The two types of vitamins are
fat soluble, and water soluble
70
What are the fat soluble vitamins
vitamin A,D,E,K
71
What are the water soluble vitamins
ascorbic, niacin, biotin, choline, cobalamin, folic acid, pantothenic acid, pyridozine, riboflavin, and thiamin
72
Vitamin A is need for what
Vision and embryonic growth
73
Vitamin D is needed for what
Necessary for calcium intake and we make cholesterol from it
74
Vitamin A is needed for what
membrane function
75
Vitamin K is needed for what
anticoagulation
76
Ascorbic is produced from what
glucose
77
What vitamin is not really considered a vitamin
cobalamin
78
Deficiency in pantothenic acid causes what
goose stepping
79
Deficiency in vitamin D causes what
rickets
80
Deficiency in thiamine causes what
opistholomous
81
Deficiency in niacin causes what
retarded development
82
What are the most common losses in a human
Vitamin A, E, C, Riboflavin, folate, vitamin D if house bound, vitamin B12 if strict vegan or vegetarian
83
Most common losses of vitamins in livestock
vitamin A and E, Niacin
84
What reflects type of diet for animals
teeth
85
Have long, sharp, and pointed to allow to tear flesh and break bones; have strong strong jaws
Carnivores
86
Have molars that become flattened to crush grains (L-shaped to move side by side matter)
Omnivores
87
Have hard pad on top of mouth to help tear rash and increase surface area
Herbivores
88
Tusks are examples of what teeth
canine teeth
89
What type of digestive system does cattle, sheep, deer, and camels have?
Ruminant
90
What type of digestive system does monkeys, hamsters, kangaroos, and hippos have?
Nonruminanting
91
Ferment behind the hind gut
postgastric fermenters
92
Examples of cecal digesters
rabbits, rats, and mice
93
Examples of colonic digesters
elephant, horse, pigs, humans, panda, and cats
94
Prehension=
required diet
95
needed to break down carbohydrates
amylase
96
Amylase is not activated in what kind of environment
acidic environment
97
Pepsin breaks down what
proteins
98
gastriclipids break down what
lipids
99
Pepsin and gastriclipids work in what and is activated by what kind of environment
stomach, acidic environment
100
This part of the SI is nestled around pancreas and liver
duedenum
101
this part of the SI is where nutrients are absorbed?
jejunum
102
Where are most nutrients absorbed?
jejunum
103
This part of the SI has villi
jejunum
104
fingerlike projections
villi
105
Increases surface area to increase absorption
microvilli
106
Where do lipids enter
lymph vessel/ system
107
anything water soluble enters where
blood system
108
What is the first section of the avian stomach
proventiculous
109
what is the second section of the avian stomach
gizard
110
Where does feed first go
crop
111
why does the esophagus expand
expands for food
112
Do the avians get a continual flow of nutrients
yes
113
What does the gizzard do
grinds feed and enzymes from the proventriculous will begin to work
114
What does the gallbladder produce
bile that breakdowns fat
115
In a ruminant system what is referred to the as the true stomach
abomasum
116
Is there a physical barrier between the rumen and the reticulum
no
117
What are some differences between the rumen and the reticulum
linings of the two
reticulum has a honeycomb appearance
rumen has papillae
rumen is on the left side of cattle
118
what is the purpose of the papillae in the rumen
to increase surface area
119
the reticulum is known as what
the pacemaker
120
what can provide up to 50% of amino acids
bacteria that the animal digested
121
What part of the ruminant system can the animal live without
omasum
122
What is the appearance of the omasum
Looks like pages in a book when sliced open
123
if a farmer feeds a magnet to prevent hardware disease where will the magnet end up
reticulum
124
what is the pH level of pregastric
6.5
125
What happens when the abomasum contracts
feed goes to the SI
126
pregastric fermenters are a result of what
limited postgastric fermentation
127
What is a benefit of a ruminant system
utilize feedstuff that other animals can not produce
128
what do ruminants produce
volatile fatty acids
129
name 3 of the VFA
acetate, propionate, butyrate
130
what does the animal do with the VFA
can be used for energy
131
What 2 microbes does the rumen house
bacteria and protozoa
132
what do the microbes do
synthesize proteins, vitamin B, vitamin K, and essential fatty acids
133
Rumen synthesizes what
nutrients that the animal needs
134
What also destroys the essential nutrients found in feeds
rumen
135
Animals are born without what
rumen
136
what is formed so that feed can be bypassed the rumen
esophagus forms tube with the reticulum
137
where does the rumen get all of its bacteria
from the outside environment/feed
138
The bacteria in the rumen is a result of what 2 actions
suckling
| exploring and mouthing the environment
139
Examples of ruminant modified animals
camels and llamas
140
What is the origin of amylase
saliva
| pancreas
141
what is the substrate of amylase
carbohydrates
142
what is product of amylase
maltose
143
origin of lactase
SI
144
substrate of lactase
lactose
145
products of lactase
glucose+galactose
146
origin of maltase
SI
147
substrate of maltase
maltose
148
products of maltase
glucose
149
origin of sucrase
SI
150
substrate of sucrase
sucorse
151
products of sucrase
glucose+fructose
152
origin of lipase
saliva, stomach, pancreas
153
substrate of lipase
triglycerides
154
products of lipase
diglycerides, monoglycerides, and free fatty acids
155
origin of pepsin
stomach
156
substrate of pepsin
proteins
157
products of pepsin
peptides
158
origin of trypsin
pancreas
159
substrate of trypsin
proteins and peptides
160
products of trypsin
peptides
161
origin of chymotrypsin
pancreas
162
substrate of chymotrypsin
protein and peptides
163
products of chymotrypsin
peptides
164
origin of carboxypeptidase
pancreas
165
substrate of carboxypeptidase
peptides
166
products of carboxypeptidase
amino acids
167
origin of aminopeptidase
SI
168
substrate of aminopeptidase
peptides
169
products of aminopeptidase
amino acids
