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Animal Science 2200.01 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is nutrition?

A

The relationship between body and food

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2
Q

First experiment of nutrition

A

Book of Daniel

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3
Q

What experiment was conducted in the Book of Daniel

A

Daniel refused to eat King’s food instead he ate vegetables and had more energy than those soldiers that ate King’s high in fat food

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4
Q

Hippocrates recognized what

A

That children need more food than adults and that children have a higher BMR

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5
Q

What did Lavosier develop

A

Estimated heat involved in carbon dioxide and that a calorie is equal to substance

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6
Q

Magendie discovered what?

A

An animal can not survive on one component of food

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7
Q

When was the vitamin breakthrough

A

1880s

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8
Q

What was the first record of vitamin deficiency

A

Dutch soldiers complained of weakened legs, shortness of breath, edema, and heart failure

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9
Q

Eijkman’s experiment led to the discovery of what vitamin

A

Thaimine (B1)

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10
Q

Babcock was credited with the first studies of what vitamin

A

Vitamin A

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11
Q

Define nutrition

A

Use of food or feed consumed, metabolized, assimilated, and waste products eliminated

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12
Q

What are the functions of nutrition

A

Supports growth, tissue maintenance and repair, and extension of products

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13
Q

Any chemical element or compound in a diet that supports maintenance of life is what?

A

Nutrition

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14
Q

What are the six nutrients

A

Water, vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, protein, lipids

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15
Q

What is an essential nutrient

A

It is indispensable; body doesn’t make enough

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16
Q

What is a nonessential nutrient

A

it is dispensable

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17
Q

The functions of a nutrient

A

Structural components, sources of energy, regulatory functions

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18
Q

What nutrient does not have a class of being essential or nonessential

A

Carbohydrates

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19
Q

What is the function of energy

A

Function of the carbon skeleton

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20
Q

Protein is equal to what Kcal/g

A

4

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21
Q

Carbohydrates is equal to what Kcal/g

A

4

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22
Q

Lipids is equal to what Kcal/g

A

9

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23
Q

Breakdown is equal to what

A

catabolism

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24
Q

Buildup is equal to what

A

anabolism

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25
Q

What are the components of metabolism

A

catabolism and anabolism

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26
Q

The measure of energy is what

A

calorimetry

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27
Q

What is a calorie

A

amount of heat required to raise temperature of one gram of water from 14.5-15.5 C

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28
Q

Bomb Calorimeter=

A

Gross Energy

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29
Q

1000 Calories =

A

4.184 Kjoules

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30
Q

Digestible energy is what?

A

Gross Energy - feces

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31
Q

What is metabolism energy is what?

A

GE-feces-urine

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32
Q

What is net energy

A

GE-feces-urine-heat off body

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33
Q

The net energy goes towards what

A

maintenance and growth, reproduction, and lactation

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34
Q

What nutrient is not detected by proximal analysis

A

vitamins

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35
Q

What nutrient is essential to all living things

A

water

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36
Q

Water is required for what

A

reactions of the body, to maintain a constant body temperature, and to transport nutrients

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37
Q

How long can an animal live without water

A

one week

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38
Q

How is the body temperature of an animal controlled

A

sweating, panting, rolling in mud, and licking themselves

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39
Q

What are simple carbohydrates made of

A

monosaccharides and disaccharides

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40
Q

Name three monosaccharides

A

glucose, fructose, and galatose

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41
Q

Name three dissacharrides

A

maltose, sucrose, lactose

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42
Q

Complex carbohydrates is also called what

A

polysaccharides

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43
Q

The three polysaccharides are

A

starch, dietary fiber, and glycogen

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44
Q

the two types of starch

A

amylose and amylopectin

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45
Q

the three types of dietary fiber

A

cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin

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46
Q

Name the three volatile fatty acids

A

acetate, proprionate, and butyrate

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47
Q

lipids are what

A

fats and oils

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48
Q

What form does most fat come in

A

triglycerol

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49
Q

This type of fat is when the carbon is saturated

A

Saturated fat

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50
Q

This type of fat is when it had double bonds and kinks

A

Unsaturated fat

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51
Q

This type of fat’s composition is similar to saturated fat

A

Trans fat

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52
Q

Proteins are made up of what

A

amino acids

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53
Q

How many amino acids are needed to make up a protein

A

20

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54
Q

the primary structure of an amino acid is what

A

linear

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55
Q

The second structure of an amino acid is what

A

alpha helix, pleated sheet

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56
Q

The third structure of an amino acid is what

A

tertiary structure

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57
Q

The fourth structure of an amino acid is what

A

quaternary structure

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58
Q

Which group is distinct in all amino acids

A

R

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59
Q

In an aqueous solution proteins have both what

A

+ and - charge

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60
Q

What percentage of a protein is nitrogen

A

16%

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61
Q

What two essential amino acids are not needed in adults

A

arginine and histidine

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62
Q

This essential amino acid is needed in early stages in human and hogs

A

histidine

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63
Q

The different 20 amino acids depends on what

A

The animal

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64
Q

Obligatory carnivores need to have what additional requirement

A

taurine

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65
Q

What additional requirement do insects need

A

carnitine

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66
Q

When was the first vitamin found

A

1901

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67
Q

When was most vitamins found

A

1910-1931

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68
Q

Where did the earliest studies come from

A

sailors and chickens

69
Q

The two types of vitamins are

A

fat soluble, and water soluble

70
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins

A

vitamin A,D,E,K

71
Q

What are the water soluble vitamins

A

ascorbic, niacin, biotin, choline, cobalamin, folic acid, pantothenic acid, pyridozine, riboflavin, and thiamin

72
Q

Vitamin A is need for what

A

Vision and embryonic growth

73
Q

Vitamin D is needed for what

A

Necessary for calcium intake and we make cholesterol from it

74
Q

Vitamin A is needed for what

A

membrane function

75
Q

Vitamin K is needed for what

A

anticoagulation

76
Q

Ascorbic is produced from what

A

glucose

77
Q

What vitamin is not really considered a vitamin

A

cobalamin

78
Q

Deficiency in pantothenic acid causes what

A

goose stepping

79
Q

Deficiency in vitamin D causes what

A

rickets

80
Q

Deficiency in thiamine causes what

A

opistholomous

81
Q

Deficiency in niacin causes what

A

retarded development

82
Q

What are the most common losses in a human

A

Vitamin A, E, C, Riboflavin, folate, vitamin D if house bound, vitamin B12 if strict vegan or vegetarian

83
Q

Most common losses of vitamins in livestock

A

vitamin A and E, Niacin

84
Q

What reflects type of diet for animals

A

teeth

85
Q

Have long, sharp, and pointed to allow to tear flesh and break bones; have strong strong jaws

A

Carnivores

86
Q

Have molars that become flattened to crush grains (L-shaped to move side by side matter)

A

Omnivores

87
Q

Have hard pad on top of mouth to help tear rash and increase surface area

A

Herbivores

88
Q

Tusks are examples of what teeth

A

canine teeth

89
Q

What type of digestive system does cattle, sheep, deer, and camels have?

A

Ruminant

90
Q

What type of digestive system does monkeys, hamsters, kangaroos, and hippos have?

A

Nonruminanting

91
Q

Ferment behind the hind gut

A

postgastric fermenters

92
Q

Examples of cecal digesters

A

rabbits, rats, and mice

93
Q

Examples of colonic digesters

A

elephant, horse, pigs, humans, panda, and cats

94
Q

Prehension=

A

required diet

95
Q

needed to break down carbohydrates

A

amylase

96
Q

Amylase is not activated in what kind of environment

A

acidic environment

97
Q

Pepsin breaks down what

A

proteins

98
Q

gastriclipids break down what

A

lipids

99
Q

Pepsin and gastriclipids work in what and is activated by what kind of environment

A

stomach, acidic environment

100
Q

This part of the SI is nestled around pancreas and liver

A

duedenum

101
Q

this part of the SI is where nutrients are absorbed?

A

jejunum

102
Q

Where are most nutrients absorbed?

A

jejunum

103
Q

This part of the SI has villi

A

jejunum

104
Q

fingerlike projections

A

villi

105
Q

Increases surface area to increase absorption

A

microvilli

106
Q

Where do lipids enter

A

lymph vessel/ system

107
Q

anything water soluble enters where

A

blood system

108
Q

What is the first section of the avian stomach

A

proventiculous

109
Q

what is the second section of the avian stomach

A

gizard

110
Q

Where does feed first go

A

crop

111
Q

why does the esophagus expand

A

expands for food

112
Q

Do the avians get a continual flow of nutrients

A

yes

113
Q

What does the gizzard do

A

grinds feed and enzymes from the proventriculous will begin to work

114
Q

What does the gallbladder produce

A

bile that breakdowns fat

115
Q

In a ruminant system what is referred to the as the true stomach

A

abomasum

116
Q

Is there a physical barrier between the rumen and the reticulum

A

no

117
Q

What are some differences between the rumen and the reticulum

A

linings of the two
reticulum has a honeycomb appearance
rumen has papillae
rumen is on the left side of cattle

118
Q

what is the purpose of the papillae in the rumen

A

to increase surface area

119
Q

the reticulum is known as what

A

the pacemaker

120
Q

what can provide up to 50% of amino acids

A

bacteria that the animal digested

121
Q

What part of the ruminant system can the animal live without

A

omasum

122
Q

What is the appearance of the omasum

A

Looks like pages in a book when sliced open

123
Q

if a farmer feeds a magnet to prevent hardware disease where will the magnet end up

A

reticulum

124
Q

what is the pH level of pregastric

A

6.5

125
Q

What happens when the abomasum contracts

A

feed goes to the SI

126
Q

pregastric fermenters are a result of what

A

limited postgastric fermentation

127
Q

What is a benefit of a ruminant system

A

utilize feedstuff that other animals can not produce

128
Q

what do ruminants produce

A

volatile fatty acids

129
Q

name 3 of the VFA

A

acetate, propionate, butyrate

130
Q

what does the animal do with the VFA

A

can be used for energy

131
Q

What 2 microbes does the rumen house

A

bacteria and protozoa

132
Q

what do the microbes do

A

synthesize proteins, vitamin B, vitamin K, and essential fatty acids

133
Q

Rumen synthesizes what

A

nutrients that the animal needs

134
Q

What also destroys the essential nutrients found in feeds

A

rumen

135
Q

Animals are born without what

A

rumen

136
Q

what is formed so that feed can be bypassed the rumen

A

esophagus forms tube with the reticulum

137
Q

where does the rumen get all of its bacteria

A

from the outside environment/feed

138
Q

The bacteria in the rumen is a result of what 2 actions

A

suckling

exploring and mouthing the environment

139
Q

Examples of ruminant modified animals

A

camels and llamas

140
Q

What is the origin of amylase

A

saliva

pancreas

141
Q

what is the substrate of amylase

A

carbohydrates

142
Q

what is product of amylase

A

maltose

143
Q

origin of lactase

A

SI

144
Q

substrate of lactase

A

lactose

145
Q

products of lactase

A

glucose+galactose

146
Q

origin of maltase

A

SI

147
Q

substrate of maltase

A

maltose

148
Q

products of maltase

A

glucose

149
Q

origin of sucrase

A

SI

150
Q

substrate of sucrase

A

sucorse

151
Q

products of sucrase

A

glucose+fructose

152
Q

origin of lipase

A

saliva, stomach, pancreas

153
Q

substrate of lipase

A

triglycerides

154
Q

products of lipase

A

diglycerides, monoglycerides, and free fatty acids

155
Q

origin of pepsin

A

stomach

156
Q

substrate of pepsin

A

proteins

157
Q

products of pepsin

A

peptides

158
Q

origin of trypsin

A

pancreas

159
Q

substrate of trypsin

A

proteins and peptides

160
Q

products of trypsin

A

peptides

161
Q

origin of chymotrypsin

A

pancreas

162
Q

substrate of chymotrypsin

A

protein and peptides

163
Q

products of chymotrypsin

A

peptides

164
Q

origin of carboxypeptidase

A

pancreas

165
Q

substrate of carboxypeptidase

A

peptides

166
Q

products of carboxypeptidase

A

amino acids

167
Q

origin of aminopeptidase

A

SI

168
Q

substrate of aminopeptidase

A

peptides

169
Q

products of aminopeptidase

A

amino acids

Animal Science 2200.01 (5 decks)

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