Chapter 5 Genetics Flashcards
Name the organismal structure from the least abundant to the most
organism, organ, tissue, cell, organelle, molecule
modem cell theory states what
- all living things are composed of cells
- the cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in all living things
- all cells come from pre-existing cells
examples of single celled organisms
bacteria
another name for single celled organisms
prokaryote
another name for a type of cell where there are thousands of them
eukaryote
this part of an animal cell breaks down fat and creates hydrogen peroxide
peroxisome
what happens during proliferation
cell replicates itself
does replication during proliferation occur at a low or high rate
high rate
what is apoptosis
programmed cell death
what is differentiation
requires structure and fate
a determined cell requires what
its fate
How does a cell determine what type of cell it will become
by its environment
How long does a blood cell live for
100-200 days
what is a stem cell
cell that resides in proliferation or a cell in determination
what type of cells can become anything over time
totripotent cells
When cells begin to head to determination
multipotent cells
adult stem cells=
multipotent cells
name the four phases of mitosis
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
Condensing of DNA
prophase
sister chromatids align in middle
metaphase
chormatides separate
anaphase
cells begin to separate
telophase
part of cell cycle
mitosis
the longest phase of a cell’s life
interphase
The different stages of interphase
G1, S, G2, G0
G1=
growth
S=
DNA synthesis
G2=
growth
g0=
quiescent
Chromsomes =
DNA
Why does DNA condense
because of histones proteins
What wraps around the histones
DNA
What makes up DNA
deoxy base, phosphate group, nitrogenous base
A=
adenine
T=
thymine
G=
guanine
C=
cytosine
A pairs with
T
G pairs with
C
Sequences of nucleotides that serve as precursors to proteins
genes
where is DNA found
mitochondria, and nucleus
what produces proteins
ribosomes
required in the flow of information from DNA to protein
RNA
How is RNA stranded
single stranded
what replaces thymine in RNA
Uracil
does RNA have thymine
No
RNA is ____ from DNA
transcription
______ is RNA to protein
Translation
how many forms of RNA are there
3
what does mRNA do with DNA
reads DNA and takes it out of the nucleus to the ribosomes
rRNA=
protein+RNA
rRNA is associated with what
ribosomes
tRNA =
transcribed RNA
tRNA is a what
anticodon
what is a start codon
mythinine
when was the earliest study of inheritance
mid 1800s
who conducted the first study of inheritance
Gregor Mendel
what was inheritance before Mendel
mixing of blood between male and female
How many factors do parents have and how many are passed down to the offspring
2; 1
factors=
genes
Can traits skip a generation
yes
diploid=
somatic
somatic cells are what kind of cells
body cells
haploid=
gametes
haploid cells are what kind of cells
sex cells
What are the sex chromosomes
X and Y
X=
homophenic
Y
heterophenic
can livestock have multiple sets of DNA
no only plants can
Does DNA refer to the complexity of the animal
no
what animal has micro chromosomes
chickens
Number of chromosomes for a human
46
Number of chromosomes for cattle
60
Number of chromosomes for horses
64
Number of chromosomes for swine
38
Number of chromosomes for sheep
54
Number of chromosomes for chickens
78
Number of chromosomes for goats
60
Number of chromosomes for llamas
74
Number of chromosomes for dogs
78
Number of chromosomes for cats
38
Number of chromosomes for bison
60
chromosomes coded with matching information from the male and female
homologous
location of the gene
locus
given copy of a gene
alleles
gene copies are the same
homozygous
gene copies differ
heterozygous
only one randomly chosen allele is found within a gamete
principles of segregation
separation of chromosomes is independent
independent assortment
when do females go with meiosis 1
before birth
when do females go through meiosis 2
around puberty
animals that crossbred out species
hybrid
an example of hybrid
mule
can some hybrids breed
yes
overpowers and prevents expression of the gene at the corresponding loci on the homologous chromosome
dominant allele
corresponding gene that is masked by the dominant allele at the corresponding loci
recessive allele
what evolved to help animals
dominance
what can happen to recessive alleles
can have loss of an enzyme function
example of condrodisplasia
spider lamb
this is known as mule foot; digits are fused together
syndactylyl
examples of dominance
black coats in cattle
polled cattle
tailessness in manx cats
dexter cattle dwarfism
Complete dominance in tailessness of manx cats and dexter cattle dwarfism can be lethal, AA. True or False
true
neither allele masks the other and both are expressed
co dominance or no dominance
an example of co dominance
roan coat color in cattle
an allele is expressed in a dose dependent manner
incomplete dominance or partial dominance
example of incomplete dominance
palomino horse
a gene is influencing another gene also known as diluted gene
epistasis
expression of a gene that is located on the X chromosome
sex linked
trait is limited to gender
sex limited
trait is influence by gender, an allele that is dominant in one sex is recessive in the other sex
sex influenced
male cats can be calico but what is their genetic makeup
XXY, and they are sterile
what is mutation
insertion, deletion, or substitution of nucleotides
calopeach is what
the alteration of myostatin
hypertrophy=
sheep
hyperplasa=
cattle
calopeach does what to the muscles
double muscling
one drawback from calopeach
meat is tough
observable measures of traits
phenotype
what breed of hog is a descendent of cob rollers
Berkshire
produce animals that excel for desired traits while eliminating occurrence of undesirable traits.
objective
measure descriptive or categorical and classified into groups
subjective
examples of objective measures
milk production, loin eye area, weight, and speed
controlled by many genes, often on different chromosome each contributing a small effect
polygenic
obtaining a desirable phenotype through choosing animals for mating
selection
greater environmental influence, variable heritability
quantitative traits
less environmental influence, greater heritability
qualitative traits
heritability of carcass merit
high
heritability of growth
medium
heritability of reproduction
low
phenotypic advantage of chose parents. superiority of selected animals compared to the herd average for a particular trait
selection differential
proportion of phenotypic variation that can be passed from parent to offspring
heritability of the trait
average time required to replace one generation with the next. the shorter the generation interval the greater the rate of change
generation interval
generation interval of pigs
2 years
generation interval of horses
5-8 years
generation interval of dairy cattle
3-4 years
generation interval of chickens
8-12 months
generation interval of beef cattle
5-6 years
generation interval of sheep
3 years
pairing of males and females
mating
increase predictably of progeny as future breeding animals by decreasing variation of contrasting alleles
increased homozygosity
increase performance of progeny for production by increasing variation of contrasting alleles.
increased heterozygosity
what does inbreeding increase
increases homozygosity for what we desire but also increases homosyosity for what we do not want
outcrossing is what
breeding of different populations
crossbreeding is what
breeding two different breeds together
The Hardi Whenburg theoretical equation would not be possible with what
natural selection
