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Animal Science 2200.01 > Chapter 5 Genetics > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Genetics Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Name the organismal structure from the least abundant to the most

A

organism, organ, tissue, cell, organelle, molecule

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2
Q

modem cell theory states what

A
  1. all living things are composed of cells
  2. the cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in all living things
  3. all cells come from pre-existing cells
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3
Q

examples of single celled organisms

A

bacteria

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4
Q

another name for single celled organisms

A

prokaryote

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5
Q

another name for a type of cell where there are thousands of them

A

eukaryote

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6
Q

this part of an animal cell breaks down fat and creates hydrogen peroxide

A

peroxisome

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7
Q

what happens during proliferation

A

cell replicates itself

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8
Q

does replication during proliferation occur at a low or high rate

A

high rate

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9
Q

what is apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

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10
Q

what is differentiation

A

requires structure and fate

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11
Q

a determined cell requires what

A

its fate

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12
Q

How does a cell determine what type of cell it will become

A

by its environment

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13
Q

How long does a blood cell live for

A

100-200 days

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14
Q

what is a stem cell

A

cell that resides in proliferation or a cell in determination

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15
Q

what type of cells can become anything over time

A

totripotent cells

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16
Q

When cells begin to head to determination

A

multipotent cells

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17
Q

adult stem cells=

A

multipotent cells

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18
Q

name the four phases of mitosis

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

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19
Q

Condensing of DNA

A

prophase

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20
Q

sister chromatids align in middle

A

metaphase

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21
Q

chormatides separate

A

anaphase

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22
Q

cells begin to separate

A

telophase

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23
Q

part of cell cycle

A

mitosis

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24
Q

the longest phase of a cell’s life

A

interphase

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25
Q

The different stages of interphase

A

G1, S, G2, G0

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26
Q

G1=

A

growth

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27
Q

S=

A

DNA synthesis

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28
Q

G2=

A

growth

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29
Q

g0=

A

quiescent

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30
Q

Chromsomes =

A

DNA

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31
Q

Why does DNA condense

A

because of histones proteins

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32
Q

What wraps around the histones

A

DNA

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33
Q

What makes up DNA

A

deoxy base, phosphate group, nitrogenous base

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34
Q

A=

A

adenine

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35
Q

T=

A

thymine

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36
Q

G=

A

guanine

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37
Q

C=

A

cytosine

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38
Q

A pairs with

A

T

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39
Q

G pairs with

A

C

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40
Q

Sequences of nucleotides that serve as precursors to proteins

A

genes

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41
Q

where is DNA found

A

mitochondria, and nucleus

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42
Q

what produces proteins

A

ribosomes

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43
Q

required in the flow of information from DNA to protein

A

RNA

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44
Q

How is RNA stranded

A

single stranded

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45
Q

what replaces thymine in RNA

A

Uracil

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46
Q

does RNA have thymine

A

No

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47
Q

RNA is ____ from DNA

A

transcription

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48
Q

______ is RNA to protein

A

Translation

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49
Q

how many forms of RNA are there

A

3

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50
Q

what does mRNA do with DNA

A

reads DNA and takes it out of the nucleus to the ribosomes

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51
Q

rRNA=

A

protein+RNA

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52
Q

rRNA is associated with what

A

ribosomes

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53
Q

tRNA =

A

transcribed RNA

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54
Q

tRNA is a what

A

anticodon

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55
Q

what is a start codon

A

mythinine

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56
Q

when was the earliest study of inheritance

A

mid 1800s

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57
Q

who conducted the first study of inheritance

A

Gregor Mendel

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58
Q

what was inheritance before Mendel

A

mixing of blood between male and female

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59
Q

How many factors do parents have and how many are passed down to the offspring

A

2; 1

60
Q

factors=

A

genes

61
Q

Can traits skip a generation

A

yes

62
Q

diploid=

A

somatic

63
Q

somatic cells are what kind of cells

A

body cells

64
Q

haploid=

A

gametes

65
Q

haploid cells are what kind of cells

A

sex cells

66
Q

What are the sex chromosomes

A

X and Y

67
Q

X=

A

homophenic

68
Q

Y

A

heterophenic

69
Q

can livestock have multiple sets of DNA

A

no only plants can

70
Q

Does DNA refer to the complexity of the animal

A

no

71
Q

what animal has micro chromosomes

A

chickens

72
Q

Number of chromosomes for a human

A

46

73
Q

Number of chromosomes for cattle

A

60

74
Q

Number of chromosomes for horses

A

64

75
Q

Number of chromosomes for swine

A

38

76
Q

Number of chromosomes for sheep

A

54

77
Q

Number of chromosomes for chickens

A

78

78
Q

Number of chromosomes for goats

A

60

79
Q

Number of chromosomes for llamas

A

74

80
Q

Number of chromosomes for dogs

A

78

81
Q

Number of chromosomes for cats

A

38

82
Q

Number of chromosomes for bison

A

60

83
Q

chromosomes coded with matching information from the male and female

A

homologous

84
Q

location of the gene

A

locus

85
Q

given copy of a gene

A

alleles

86
Q

gene copies are the same

A

homozygous

87
Q

gene copies differ

A

heterozygous

88
Q

only one randomly chosen allele is found within a gamete

A

principles of segregation

89
Q

separation of chromosomes is independent

A

independent assortment

90
Q

when do females go with meiosis 1

A

before birth

91
Q

when do females go through meiosis 2

A

around puberty

92
Q

animals that crossbred out species

A

hybrid

93
Q

an example of hybrid

A

mule

94
Q

can some hybrids breed

A

yes

95
Q

overpowers and prevents expression of the gene at the corresponding loci on the homologous chromosome

A

dominant allele

96
Q

corresponding gene that is masked by the dominant allele at the corresponding loci

A

recessive allele

97
Q

what evolved to help animals

A

dominance

98
Q

what can happen to recessive alleles

A

can have loss of an enzyme function

99
Q

example of condrodisplasia

A

spider lamb

100
Q

this is known as mule foot; digits are fused together

A

syndactylyl

101
Q

examples of dominance

A

black coats in cattle
polled cattle
tailessness in manx cats
dexter cattle dwarfism

102
Q

Complete dominance in tailessness of manx cats and dexter cattle dwarfism can be lethal, AA. True or False

A

true

103
Q

neither allele masks the other and both are expressed

A

co dominance or no dominance

104
Q

an example of co dominance

A

roan coat color in cattle

105
Q

an allele is expressed in a dose dependent manner

A

incomplete dominance or partial dominance

106
Q

example of incomplete dominance

A

palomino horse

107
Q

a gene is influencing another gene also known as diluted gene

A

epistasis

108
Q

expression of a gene that is located on the X chromosome

A

sex linked

109
Q

trait is limited to gender

A

sex limited

110
Q

trait is influence by gender, an allele that is dominant in one sex is recessive in the other sex

A

sex influenced

111
Q

male cats can be calico but what is their genetic makeup

A

XXY, and they are sterile

112
Q

what is mutation

A

insertion, deletion, or substitution of nucleotides

113
Q

calopeach is what

A

the alteration of myostatin

114
Q

hypertrophy=

A

sheep

115
Q

hyperplasa=

A

cattle

116
Q

calopeach does what to the muscles

A

double muscling

117
Q

one drawback from calopeach

A

meat is tough

118
Q

observable measures of traits

A

phenotype

119
Q

what breed of hog is a descendent of cob rollers

A

Berkshire

120
Q

produce animals that excel for desired traits while eliminating occurrence of undesirable traits.

A

objective

121
Q

measure descriptive or categorical and classified into groups

A

subjective

122
Q

examples of objective measures

A

milk production, loin eye area, weight, and speed

123
Q

controlled by many genes, often on different chromosome each contributing a small effect

A

polygenic

124
Q

obtaining a desirable phenotype through choosing animals for mating

A

selection

125
Q

greater environmental influence, variable heritability

A

quantitative traits

126
Q

less environmental influence, greater heritability

A

qualitative traits

127
Q

heritability of carcass merit

A

high

128
Q

heritability of growth

A

medium

129
Q

heritability of reproduction

A

low

130
Q

phenotypic advantage of chose parents. superiority of selected animals compared to the herd average for a particular trait

A

selection differential

131
Q

proportion of phenotypic variation that can be passed from parent to offspring

A

heritability of the trait

132
Q

average time required to replace one generation with the next. the shorter the generation interval the greater the rate of change

A

generation interval

133
Q

generation interval of pigs

A

2 years

134
Q

generation interval of horses

A

5-8 years

135
Q

generation interval of dairy cattle

A

3-4 years

136
Q

generation interval of chickens

A

8-12 months

137
Q

generation interval of beef cattle

A

5-6 years

138
Q

generation interval of sheep

A

3 years

139
Q

pairing of males and females

A

mating

140
Q

increase predictably of progeny as future breeding animals by decreasing variation of contrasting alleles

A

increased homozygosity

141
Q

increase performance of progeny for production by increasing variation of contrasting alleles.

A

increased heterozygosity

142
Q

what does inbreeding increase

A

increases homozygosity for what we desire but also increases homosyosity for what we do not want

143
Q

outcrossing is what

A

breeding of different populations

144
Q

crossbreeding is what

A

breeding two different breeds together

145
Q

The Hardi Whenburg theoretical equation would not be possible with what

A

natural selection

Animal Science 2200.01 (5 decks)

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