Chapters 1-3 Review Flashcards
1
Q
Cytoskeleton
A
Proteins which offer strength and anchoring of organelles
2
Q
Cytoplasm
A
everything between the cell membrane and the nucleus
3
Q
__ elements in human body
A
26
4
Q
Inorganic acids, bases, and salts
A
typically held together by ionic bonds
5
Q
Phosphate Group (RNA)
A
forms covalent bond with Ribose sugar as backbone of helix
6
Q
Repressor genes
A
genes which inhibit mitosis
7
Q
Urinary System
A
filters blood to remove wastes and maintain homeostasis of plasma
8
Q
Atomic Number
A
Is the number of Protons (and therefore also the number of electrons)
9
Q
Golgi Apparatus
A
membranous curved folds w/hollow cisternae, receives transport vesicles (from Rough ER) on the cis (convex) Golgi surface and exports vesicles from trans (concave) surface: secretory vesicles, lysosome, membrane renewal vesicles
10
Q
PM Bilayer of phospholipids
A
amphipathic, being hydrophobic in center
11
Q
Cytology
A
The study of cells
12
Q
Cardiovascular System
A
distributes nutrients, gases, hormones, and heat
13
Q
Regional Anatomy
A
(Gross) Areas of specific regions (head, trunk, etc)
14
Q
Simple Diffusion
A
particles can freely pass through lipid membrane (non-polar)
15
Q
Skeletal System
A
support, protection, mineral storage, hematopoiesis
16
Q
Organic Compounds
A
contain C and H backbone of covalent bonds, usually has O2 as well
17
Q
DNA
A
double helix of nucleotide polymers wrapped around histones. 23 homologous pairs
18
Q
Non-Polar Covalent
A
equal sharing of electrons so no small charges of the molecule
19
Q
Anterior
A
Ventral
20
Q
Oncogenes
A
mutation of repressor or regulatory genes that lead to malignant tumors
21
Q
Prophase
A
i. DNA tightly coil into chromosomes (paired chromatids attached by centriole)
ii. Nuclear envelope disappears
iii. centrioles migrate to opposite poles creating mitotic spindles stretching cell
22
Q
Para-Sagittal
A
divided unequally
23
Q
Polyribosome
A
One mRNA attaches to several ribosomes simultaneously producing same protein
24
Q
Anaphase
A
i. kinetochore spindles disassembled and chromatids separate to opposite poles
25
Nucleus
control center directing synthesis of over 100,000 proteins directed by genes
26
A-site
to which 2nd mRNA binds and amino acids from the two tRNA form peptide bond
27
Half-life
refers to the time it takes for half of the radioactive material to decay
28
Extrinsic Regulation
in which homeostasis is directed by the Nervous or Endocrine systems
29
Solute
element/compound that dissolves in another (solvent)
30
Positive Feedback System
the effector increases the stimulus. Continues until process ends (ex. child birth and blood clotting)
31
Differentiation
Cells lose ability to transcribe all the available genes.
| Stem cells retain the ability to transcribe different genes so can differentiate to several cell types
32
Unsaturated fatty acids
have one or more double covalent bonds
33
Ribose (RNA)
5 carbon sugar
34
Sagittal
Vertically divides body into left and right halves
35
Posterior
dorsal
36
Reproductive System
hormones, reproduction
37
Channel mediated transport and what its dependent on
substance small enough to fit through a pore, dependent on:
i. Distance across the membrane
ii. Molecular size: smaller molecules pass through faster
Temperature: higher temperature speed up transport
Gradient size: the greater the concentration differential, the faster the transport
Electrical forces: attraction by opposite charges (electrical gradient)
38
Compound
if atoms are of different elements
39
Retroperitoneal viscera
behind peritoneum, anchored with CT
40
Differentiation
cells specialize in their function
41
Countertransport (antiport)
Na+ moves into cell while solute moves out of cell
42
Somatic cells
all the diploid cells of the body
43
Intermediate filaments
helps maintain cell shape and anchors organelles
44
Integumentary System
protection, heat regulation, and sensory input
45
Mitochondria
aerobic energy production (~95% of cell energy) via tricarboxylic acid cycle
- Self-dividing: has its own DNA and RNA. Derived from maternal ova.
- Cristae: membranous folds containing enzymes of oxidative phosphorylation
- Matrix: in fluid of mitochondria
46
Smooth ER
w/o ribosomes for synthesis of carbohydrates & lipids (Ca+2storage)
47
Kinetic Energy
energy of motion and is energy released during catabolism
48
Electrons
are negatively charged particles that travel in obit/cloud around nucleus. The mass of an electron is insignificantly small
49
Fibrous proteins
arranged in strands for support or movement
50
Nitrogenous Base (RNA)
3 consecutive nitrogenous bases serves as a codon for protein synthesis
i. Adenine matches DNA Thymine during RNA synthesis
ii. Cytosine matches DNA Guanine during RNA synthesis
iii. Guanine matches DNA Cytosine during RNA synthesis
iv. Uracil matches DNA Adenine during RNA synthesis
51
Ribosome
consists of large and small protein subunits stabilized w/rRNA
52
Metabolism
ability to carry out chemical reactions and create energy
53
RNA
are polymers of nucleotides arranged in a single helix stand
Consists of: Ribose, Phosphate Group, Nitrogenous Base
54
Systemic Anatomy
(Gross) Regards specific organ systems (nervous, endocrine, etc)
55
Ribosomal complex
moves down as a new tRNA binds the A-site and a tripeptide is formed.
56
Endocrine System
Slow, long-term effect on homeostasis and maturation
57
Nitrogenous Base (DNA)
forms hydrogen bonds with nitrogenous basis from other helix
i. Adenine which pairs with Thymine
ii. Cytosine which pairs with Guanine
iii. Thymine which pairs with Adenine
v. Guanine which pairs with Cytosine
58
Movement
at cellular, organ, organ system, and organism level
59
Anabolism
synthesis reactions to form larger molecules (dehydration synthesis in the body)
60
Organ System level
how organs interact to perform complex task for organism
61
Dorsal Body Cavity
Lined with Meninges. Cranial Cavity and Spinal Cavity
62
Right Upper Quadrant
Houses liver and gall bladder
63
Membrane Renewal Vesicles
to replenish membrane
64
Growth
cells to increase in number and size
65
Nervous System
maintains homeostasis by quickly responding to stimuli
66
Pinocytosis
Random pinching in of membrane to drink in external environment
67
Hydrophilic
mainly formed with polar covalent bonds so dissolve in water
68
Symptoms
objective findings from testing the subject (blood, temperature, x-rays, etc)
69
DNA
genetic material which are polymers of nucleotides arranged in a double helix.
Consists of: deoxyribose, phosphate group, nitrogenous base
70
Osmotic Pressure
the force by which water will move in or out of a cell if solutes can’t
71
Right and Left Hypochondriac Regions
oIxIo
xIxIx
xIxIx
72
Protein Shape
based on the folding of peptide bonds between polypeptide chain(s)
73
Globular Proteins
compact and rounded to serve as carriers or enzymes
74
Thoracic Cavity
In torso and superior to diaphragm
75
Properties of water
Solubility, Reactivity, High Heat Capacity, Lubrication
76
Life process definition and what they are
distinguishes that which is living from which is not.
1. Metabolism
2. Responsiveness
3. Movement
4. Growth
5. Differentiation
6. Reproduction
77
Pubic / Hypogastric Region
xIxIx
xIxIx
xIoIx
78
Cristae
membranous folds containing enzymes of oxidative phosphorylation
79
Free Ribosomes
synthesizes proteins for the cytoplasm
80
Atomic Weight
the mass of atom is equivalent to mass of Protons and Neutrons (1 Dalton each)
81
Active Transport
solutes bind carrier protein & move into cell against concentration gradient. This form requires ATP (eg- Na+/ K+pump)
82
Endocytosis
cell membrane pinches in to create a vesicle in the cell
83
Effector
responds to the commands from the control center
84
Haploid
unpaired chromosomes
85
Codon
each 3 nitrogenous bases of mRNA serves as codon to match specific tRNA
86
Anchoring Proteins
which help stabilize to neighboring structures
87
Receptor
senses the change (stimulus) in environment
88
Left and Right Iliac Regions
xIxIx
xIxIx
oIxIo
89
Disaccharide
two sugar molecules (e.g.- maltose)
90
Chromosomes
DNA tightly coiled into discernable structure (present during mitosis)
91
Transcription
RNA Polymerase aids synthesis of mRNA from coding strand of DNA of gene
Introns are snipped off pre-mRNA as form of editing triplets of nitrogenous bases
Exons are remaining nitrogenous bases which are spliced together to form final mRNA
92
Homeostasis
Ability to maintain a relatively constant environment despite fluctuations externally
93
Ions
a charged atom which has either given up or gained an electron
94
Cytokinesis
An equal division of cytoplasm by pinching inward along the cell equator
95
Reactivity
participates in anabolic dehydration synthesis and catabolic hydrolysis
96
Exons
are remaining nitrogenous bases which are spliced together to form final mRNA
97
Diagnosis
distinguishes anatomical and physiological abberations for any given disease
98
PM Cholesterol
in hydrophobic center helps to stabilize membrane
99
Proteins
formed from C, O, H and N (sometimes S) and it’s function is shape-dependent
100
Saturated fatty acids
have only single covalent bonds
101
Mitotic Rate
Rate of mitosis
102
Reproduction
for perpetuation of species
103
Molecule
2 or more atoms
104
Phagocytosis
cytoplasm of special WBC’s surround foreign body and forms phagosome
105
Carbohydrates and its types/properties
1 Carbon / H2O molecule. Important for energy production from catabolism
1. Monosaccharide
2. Disaccharide
3. Polysaccharide
4. Hydrophilic
106
Microvilli
increases exposed surface area
107
Matter
has mass and takes up space
108
Tissue Level
Groups of cells work together to perform a limited function
109
Phospholipids
main component of cell membranes w/amphipathic properties
110
Tail of tRNA
binds specific amino acid (based on anticodon at loop)
111
Phosphate Group (DNA)
forms covalent bond with Deoxyribose sugar as backbone of helix
112
Lysosomes
digest organelles & metabolites
| Lysosomal Storage Disease: genetic loss of enzyme (eg- Tay Sachs)
113
Heterozygous
both parents offer different alleles and result is blend:
- Recessive alleles only expressed if homozygous
- Dominant alleles have stronger expression regardless of other allele
114
Deoxyribose (DNA)
5 carbon sugar
115
Chemical Reactions and the types
Reactants (substrates) rearrange to form products
1. Anabolism
2. Catabolism
3. Metabolism
4. Energy (Kinetic / Potential)
5. Catalysts (enzymes)
116
Anatomical Position
Facing forward with sole of feet down and palms forward
117
Pleura
Left and right pleura houses lungs which are encased in pleural membrane
118
Cytosol and it's properties
Cytosol is intracellular fluid. When compared to extracellular, the cytosol has:
High in K+ and low in Na+
High concentration of Proteins (mostly negatively charged)
High concentration of amino acids, carbohydrates and lipids
Some granules of glycogen & lipid droplets
119
Histology
The study of tissues
120
Peptides
consists of peptide bonds between a few amino acids
121
Clinical Anatomy
(Gross) from perspective of medical subspecialty (radiographic surgical, etc)
122
Anion
negatively charged ion that has gained an electron(s) to fill valence shell
123
Chemical Properties
is based on outer layer (valence) of electrons
124
Catalysts
lowers activation energy of reaction. Is not changed by reaction
125
Primary Protein
from amino acid sequence
126
Telomeres
ends of DNA which shorten w/each division and decrease divisions w/age
127
Physiology (and its types)
the study of how organisms perform vital functions. (Cell Physiology, Special Physiology, Systemic Physiology, Pathological Physiology)
128
General feedback system
resounds to environmental changes
129
Phenotype
describes how the gene is expressed in the individual
130
Pathological Physiology
study of the effects of disease on cells/organs/organ systems
131
Radioactive Isotopes
have unstable nuclei which emit subatomic particles & decay.
132
Cell Membrane Permeability
Homeostasis provided by selectively permeable barrier
133
Telophase
i. chromatids uncoil and nuclear envelope reappear as cytokinesis completes
134
Superior
Cranial
135
Fatty Acids
serve as component of fats. Saturated and Unsaturated
136
Protein Synthesis
DNA strands separate at promoter segment into template & coding strands.
137
Right Lower Quadrant
Houses appendix
138
Apoptosis
programmed death of cells w/in given timeframe (cells of the epidermis)
139
Vesicular Bulk Transport
requires ATP while moving a vesicle into or out of cell
140
Enzymes
catalyze reactions
141
Secretory Vesicles
for secretion from the cell (eg- neurotransmitters & hormones)
142
Coronal
(Frontal) Vertically divides the body into anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal)
143
Autoregulation
refers to ability of cell/tissue/organ to maintain homeostasis on its own
144
Lysosome
contains digestive enzymes, used for breaking down metabolites and organelles
145
Peripheral Proteins
attached in interior or exterior surface as antigen or for binding
146
Fixed Ribosomes
on ER, synthesizes proteins packaged as vesicles by Golgi
147
Metabolism
is the sum of all anabolic and catabolic reactions occurring in the body.
148
Left Lower Quadrant
Houses part of large and small intestine
149
Umbilicus Region
xIxIx
xIoIx
xIxIx
150
Ribosomes
Protein synthesis. Consists of rRNA and large and small protein subunits
Free Ribosomes
Fixed Ribosomes
151
Structures of the Plasma Membrane
Bilayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, carbohydrates
152
Cancer (neoplasm)
cell mitosis exceeds cell death and tissue enlarges.
153
Reactants
Substrates
154
Hydrophobic
mainly C-H non-polar bonds, so does not dissolve in water.
155
Energy
cannot be created or destroyed. Required to carry out reactions of the body.
156
Centrioles
region from which microtubules are assembled in dividing cells
157
Secondary Protein
from hydrogen bonds of side groups of amino acids in chain
- Alpha-Helix
- Pleated Sheet
158
Surface Anatomy
(Gross) General forms and markings
159
Receptor Proteins
to bind ligands which can trigger changes in cell
160
Eicosinoids
derived from arachidonic acid and is a substrate for Prostaglandins formations
161
Pelvic Region
within the bones of the pelvic cavity
162
Nuclear Envelope
double membrane w/perinuclear space & large nuclear pores
163
Solubility
polar covalent, serves as perfect solvent for organic and inorganic molecules
164
Systemic Physiology
study of specific organ systems
165
Carrier Proteins
to transport polar solute across the membrane
166
Mitosis
occurs in 4 phases. PMAT
167
Interphase
Period in which cells grow & perform all its normal functions
a. DNA replicates
b. Centrioles replicate
168
Glycolipids
on outside of membranes only and serve as Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
169
Exocytosis
secretory vesicles from Golgi fuse w/membrane to release contents
170
Hypotonic Solutions
less solute concentration outside, cell swells (hemolysis)
171
Solution
one element/compound (solute) dissolves in another (solvent)
172
Suspension
solute particles are too large to dissolve, but are suspended in solvent (blood)
173
Organelles
Cytoskeleton, Microvilli, Centrioles, Cilia, Ribosomes, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Apparatus, Lysosomes, Proteosomes, Peroxisomes, Mitochondria, Nucleus
174
Base
dissociate in solution to release OH-
175
Malignant tumors
divide w/o regulation and do not respect borders, spread by metastasis
176
Isotopes
atoms w/same chemical properties but different mass (due to number of neutrons)
177
Isotonic Solutions
same concentration in and out of cell, no net osmosis
178
Translation of mRNA
tRNA matches codon of mRNA on ribosome for protein synthesis
179
Plasma Membrane function
Physical Barrier: maintains internal environment different from the external
Regulation of exchange: removes waste and takes in nutrients
Sensitivity to environment: able to detect changes in environment
Structural support
180
Respiratory System
Provides oxygen and removes carbon dioxide from blood
181
Plasma Membrane
cell membrane or plasmalemma
182
Cellular Level
cells are the smallest living units (cells are composed of organelles)
183
Water is __ of body weight
2/3
184
Atoms
smallest unit of stable matter
185
Quaternary Proteins
interaction from a few polypeptides making one protein (eg- Hgb)
186
High Heat Capacity
absorbs and retains heat while remaining a liquid (thermal inertia)
187
Secondary Active Transport
moves solutes across the membrane once Na+ to enter the cell
i. Contraport (symport)
ii. Countertransport (antiport)
188
Cell Physiology
study of chemical reactions within a cell
189
Gross Anatomy and it's types
large structures seen with the naked eye. (Surface Anatomy, Regional Anatomy, Systemic Anatomy, Developmental Anatomy, Clinical Anatomy)
190
Neutral charge of atoms
equal number of positive protons and negative electrons
191
Digestive System
digests food to absorb nutrients, minerals, and water
192
PM Carbohydrates
can be attached only to EXTERNAL surface of membrane as Glycocalyx
Lubrication: forms viscous layer on outside (lubricates)
Anchoring: sticky glycocalyx can anchor membrane to another membrane
Specificity in binding: ligand receptors that can alter activity of cell
Recognition as Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC): used by immune system
193
3.8% of human body is composed of:
Calcium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sodium, Chlorine, Magnesium, Sulfur, Iron, and Iodine
194
Monosaccharide
single sugar molecule (eg.- glucose)
195
Mid-Sagittal
Divided into equal halves
196
Levels of Organization
1. Chemical
2. Cellular
3. Tissue
4. Organ level
5. Organ System
6. Organism
197
Genotype
describes each allele from each homologous pair of diploid cell.
Homozygous or Heterozygous
198
Peroxisomes
catabolism of fats & organic compounds that result in free radicals
Catalase enzyme to safely break down free radicals
Self-dividing & receive enzymes by protein transport through membrane
199
Abdominopelvic Cavity
Region of torso below the diaphragm
200
Protein Functions
i. Support: microfilaments & collagen
ii. Movement: contractile proteins (actin and myosin)
iii. Transport: carry hydrophobic substances in blood (eg- HDLs and LDLs)
iv. Buffering: buffer pH
v. Metabolic Regulation: serves as enzymes
vi. Coordination and Control: peptide/protein hormones
vii. Defense: waterproofing and antibiotics
201
Recognition Proteins
associated w/carbohydrates as MHC identifier
202
Solvent
Solute dissolves in this element/compound
203
Tertiary Protein
complex coiling or folding due to covalent, ionic & hydrogen bonds
204
Cell Life Cycle
Once cells specialize, some can divide and some cannot
205
Chemical (molecular) level
atoms are the smallest unit of matter
206
Rough ER
w/ribosomes for synthesis of proteins in transport vesicles
207
Carrier-mediated transport
selective transport through integral proteins that it must bind
208
Thick Filaments
only in muscles as Myosin
209
Inorganic Compound
generally lack a carbon/hydrogen skeleton
210
Protons
are positively charged nuclear particles which have a mass of 1 Dalton
211
Cilia
long slender cytoplasmic extensions which produce rhythmic beat
212
Free Radicals
loss one paired electron and become a highly reactive charged ion
213
Hydrogen Bonds
weakest bond, it is between small charges from polar covalent bonds
214
Atomic Particles
protons, neutrons, electrons
215
Types of tissues
CMEN
- Connective
- Muscular
- Epithelial
- Nervous
216
.2% of human body is composed of:
trace minerals
217
Organism
organ systems work in concert to maintain life, health, and reproduction
218
Facilitated Diffusion
Solutes bind carrier protein & move into cell w/concentration gradient
219
Cation
positively charged ion that has relinquished electron(s) to have a filled valence
220
Transverse
(Cross-Sectional) Horizontally divides into superior/cranial and inferior/caudal
221
Quadrants
Vertical from midline and horizontal from umbilicus
222
Endoplasmic Reticulum
membranous folds from nucleus outward w/cisternae in center
223
PM Proteins
denser than lipids. Peripheral proteins and Integral proteins
224
Right and Left Lumbar Regions
xIxIx
oIxIo
xIxIx
225
Pericardial Sac
Houses heart
226
Nucleoplasm
fluid content w/in nuclear membrane, contains matrix proteins for support
227
Genes
portion of DNA coding for specific protein. Genetic loci (allele) are basis of heredity.
228
Introns
are snipped off pre-mRNA as form of editing triplets of nitrogenous bases
229
pH
potential H+ = equal to -log10 moles of H+/Liter where pH of 7 is neutral
230
Ventral Body Cavity
contains viscera lined with serial membranes to avoid adhesions
231
Mitotic Growth Factors
local hormones which externally increase rate of mitosis
232
Sex cells
haploid germ cells
233
Mediastinum
Between pleura and houses heart in pericardial sac
234
P-site
to which 1st mRNA binds bringing large & small subunits together
235
Left Upper Quadrant
Houses stomach, spleen, and pancreas
236
Polar Covalent
an unequal sharing of electrons produces small negative and positive charges
237
Diploid
homologous pairs of chromosomes
238
Carbon Dioxide
byproduct of cell metabolism
239
Organ Level
consist of combination of tissues to perform several functions
240
Abdominal Region
Above pelvic bones. Peritoneal membrane and retroperitoneal
241
Macrotubules
largest filament which is assembled from centrosomes
- Mitotic spindles during mitosis
- Anchoring organelles and basis for flagella and cilia
- Transports organelles and vesicles w/in cell
242
Receptor Mediated Endocytosis
ligand binds receptor and membrane pinches inward to form endosome (eg- LDL binds cell and delivers cholesterol)
243
Ionic Bonds
from electrical attraction between an anion and cation (eg- salts)
244
ATP
is a high-energy nucleotide of Adenosine and high energy phosphate bonds
245
Cranial Cavity
houses the brain and the brainstem
246
Metaphase
i. kinetochore spindles attached to centromere push chromosomes to center
247
Organ Systems
1. Integumentary System
2. Skeletal System
3. Muscular System
4. Nervous System
5. Endocrine System
6. Cardiovascular System
7. Lymphatic System
8. Respiratory System
9. Digestive System
10. Urinary System
11. Reproductive System
248
Chromatin
DNA is loosely wrapped around histones
249
Peritoneal Membrane
Serosal membrane encasing viscera
250
Mixture
physical blending of elements or compounds without bonds
251
Inert gases
have a filled outer shell of electrons so do not react with other atoms
252
Nucleic Acids consists of:
nucleotides with C, O, H N and P
253
Special Physiology
study of specific organs
254
Anticodon of tRNA
nitrogenous base triplet on loop of tRNA that matches codon of mRNA
255
Spinal Cavity
houses the spinal cord
256
Protein Channels
passive pores to permit polar substances like water across membrane
257
Responsiveness
Detect and respond to environmental changes (adaptation)
258
Polysaccharide
large organic polymer of sugar molecules (mainly glycogen in animals)
259
Colloid
solute particles are so large, that the solvent is opaque (protein in milk)
260
Muscular System
locomotion, generates heat, protects and supports organs
261
Steroids
Cell Membrane / Steroid Hormones / Steroid Derivatives
large hydrophobic lipid molecules formed from ring structure with side chains
- Cell Membrane: integral role in stabilizing cell membranes
- Steroid hormones: role in tissue metabolism, organism reproduction and development
- Steroid derivatives: bile salts participates in the digestion of lipids
262
Covalent Bonds
a sharing of one or more valence electrons to satisfy the filled valence rule.
263
Lubrication
little friction between water molecules
264
Signs (diagnosis)
subjective complaints noted by the subject (headache, tired, chills, etc)
265
Homozygous
both parent offer the same allele
266
Abdominopelvic Regions
Midclavicular and angle of ribs and top of illium
267
Oxygen
atmospheric gas required for metabolic reactions (creation of ATP)
268
Polypeptides
several peptide bonds between many amino acids
269
Ex. of positive feedback system
Parturition with stretch of cervix during delivery and release of oxytocin
270
The cell
The cell is the smallest unit which carries out all vital physiological functions necessary to carry out life.
271
Microfilaments
thinnest filaments which anchor cytoskeleton to cell membrane
272
Epigastric Region
xIoIx
xIxIx
xIxIx
273
Osmosis
Channel-mediated transport of water molecules though pore (aquaporin)
274
Integral Proteins
Can function as:
w/in membrane and may be Transmembraneous.
Can function as;
- Anchoring Proteins
- Recognition Proteins
- Enzymes
- Receptor Proteins
- Carrier Proteins
- Channels
275
Negative Feedback System
the effector negates the stimulus. Explains homeostasis (ex. chills, sweating, etc)
276
Cytology
is the study of cells
277
Catabolism
decomposition reactions to break bonds to smaller units (hydrolysis)
278
Inferior
Caudal
279
Acids
dissociate in solution to release H+
280
Lymphatic System
defends against infection and returns fluid to circulatory system
281
Developmental Anatomy
(Gross) embryological development of body parts
282
Control Center
receives information from the stimulus and integrates proper response
283
Lipids
Major component of cell membranes and used as very effective energy reserve
1. Hydrophobic
2. Fatty Acids
3. Triglycerides
4. Steroids
5. Phospholipids
6. Glycolipids
7. Eicosinoids
284
Microscopic Anatomy
Structures seen only with magnification
285
Nucleoli
transient organelle for synthesis of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and assembly of ribosomal subunits
286
Neutrons
are neutral nuclear particles which have a mass of 1 Dalton
287
Hypertonic Solutions
more solute concentration outside, cell shrinks (crenation)
288
Contraport (symport)
both Na+ and solute come into the cell together
289
Anatomy
the study of body structures and the physical relationships between body parts.
290
Diffusion
owing to kinetic energy, particles move from area of higher to lower concentration
291
96% of human body is composed of:
Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen
292
Buffers
salts of weak acids or bases which serve to neutralize solutions
293
Potential Energy
energy stored in chemical bonds with anabolism
294
Triglycerides
main storage of fats with ester bonds of three fatty acids and one glycerol molecule
- Energy source: Triglycerides produce 2x ATP/gm of TG compared to carbohydrates & protein
- Insulation: Triglycerides (TG) help prevent heat loss through the skin
- Protection: TGs provide cushioning for delicate organs
295
Proteosomes
contains proteases to disassemble old proteins for recycling
296
Chemical Bonds
re formed from chemical reactions between two or more atoms to form a molecule (even if atoms of the same element) or a compound if the atoms are of different elements.
