Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO 170 > Chapters 1-3 Review > Flashcards

Chapters 1-3 Review Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Proteins which offer strength and anchoring of organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cytoplasm

A

everything between the cell membrane and the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

__ elements in human body

A

26

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Inorganic acids, bases, and salts

A

typically held together by ionic bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Phosphate Group (RNA)

A

forms covalent bond with Ribose sugar as backbone of helix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Repressor genes

A

genes which inhibit mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Urinary System

A

filters blood to remove wastes and maintain homeostasis of plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Atomic Number

A

Is the number of Protons (and therefore also the number of electrons)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

membranous curved folds w/hollow cisternae, receives transport vesicles (from Rough ER) on the cis (convex) Golgi surface and exports vesicles from trans (concave) surface: secretory vesicles, lysosome, membrane renewal vesicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

PM Bilayer of phospholipids

A

amphipathic, being hydrophobic in center

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cytology

A

The study of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cardiovascular System

A

distributes nutrients, gases, hormones, and heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Regional Anatomy

A

(Gross) Areas of specific regions (head, trunk, etc)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Simple Diffusion

A

particles can freely pass through lipid membrane (non-polar)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Skeletal System

A

support, protection, mineral storage, hematopoiesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Organic Compounds

A

contain C and H backbone of covalent bonds, usually has O2 as well

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

DNA

A

double helix of nucleotide polymers wrapped around histones. 23 homologous pairs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Non-Polar Covalent

A

equal sharing of electrons so no small charges of the molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Anterior

A

Ventral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Oncogenes

A

mutation of repressor or regulatory genes that lead to malignant tumors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Prophase

A

i. DNA tightly coil into chromosomes (paired chromatids attached by centriole)
ii. Nuclear envelope disappears
iii. centrioles migrate to opposite poles creating mitotic spindles stretching cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Para-Sagittal

A

divided unequally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Polyribosome

A

One mRNA attaches to several ribosomes simultaneously producing same protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Anaphase

A

i. kinetochore spindles disassembled and chromatids separate to opposite poles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Nucleus

A

control center directing synthesis of over 100,000 proteins directed by genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

A-site

A

to which 2nd mRNA binds and amino acids from the two tRNA form peptide bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Half-life

A

refers to the time it takes for half of the radioactive material to decay

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Extrinsic Regulation

A

in which homeostasis is directed by the Nervous or Endocrine systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Solute

A

element/compound that dissolves in another (solvent)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Positive Feedback System

A

the effector increases the stimulus. Continues until process ends (ex. child birth and blood clotting)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Differentiation

A

Cells lose ability to transcribe all the available genes.

Stem cells retain the ability to transcribe different genes so can differentiate to several cell types

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids

A

have one or more double covalent bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Ribose (RNA)

A

5 carbon sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Sagittal

A

Vertically divides body into left and right halves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Posterior

A

dorsal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Reproductive System

A

hormones, reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Channel mediated transport and what its dependent on

A

substance small enough to fit through a pore, dependent on:
i. Distance across the membrane
ii. Molecular size: smaller molecules pass through faster
Temperature: higher temperature speed up transport
Gradient size: the greater the concentration differential, the faster the transport
Electrical forces: attraction by opposite charges (electrical gradient)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Compound

A

if atoms are of different elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Retroperitoneal viscera

A

behind peritoneum, anchored with CT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Differentiation

A

cells specialize in their function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Countertransport (antiport)

A

Na+ moves into cell while solute moves out of cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Somatic cells

A

all the diploid cells of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

helps maintain cell shape and anchors organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Integumentary System

A

protection, heat regulation, and sensory input

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Mitochondria

A

aerobic energy production (~95% of cell energy) via tricarboxylic acid cycle

  • Self-dividing: has its own DNA and RNA. Derived from maternal ova.
  • Cristae: membranous folds containing enzymes of oxidative phosphorylation
  • Matrix: in fluid of mitochondria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Smooth ER

A

w/o ribosomes for synthesis of carbohydrates & lipids (Ca+2storage)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

energy of motion and is energy released during catabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Electrons

A

are negatively charged particles that travel in obit/cloud around nucleus. The mass of an electron is insignificantly small

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Fibrous proteins

A

arranged in strands for support or movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Nitrogenous Base (RNA)

A

3 consecutive nitrogenous bases serves as a codon for protein synthesis

i. Adenine matches DNA Thymine during RNA synthesis
ii. Cytosine matches DNA Guanine during RNA synthesis
iii. Guanine matches DNA Cytosine during RNA synthesis
iv. Uracil matches DNA Adenine during RNA synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Ribosome

A

consists of large and small protein subunits stabilized w/rRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Metabolism

A

ability to carry out chemical reactions and create energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

RNA

A

are polymers of nucleotides arranged in a single helix stand

Consists of: Ribose, Phosphate Group, Nitrogenous Base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Systemic Anatomy

A

(Gross) Regards specific organ systems (nervous, endocrine, etc)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Ribosomal complex

A

moves down as a new tRNA binds the A-site and a tripeptide is formed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Endocrine System

A

Slow, long-term effect on homeostasis and maturation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Nitrogenous Base (DNA)

A

forms hydrogen bonds with nitrogenous basis from other helix

i. Adenine which pairs with Thymine
ii. Cytosine which pairs with Guanine
iii. Thymine which pairs with Adenine
v. Guanine which pairs with Cytosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Movement

A

at cellular, organ, organ system, and organism level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Anabolism

A

synthesis reactions to form larger molecules (dehydration synthesis in the body)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Organ System level

A

how organs interact to perform complex task for organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Dorsal Body Cavity

A

Lined with Meninges. Cranial Cavity and Spinal Cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Right Upper Quadrant

A

Houses liver and gall bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Membrane Renewal Vesicles

A

to replenish membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Growth

A

cells to increase in number and size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Nervous System

A

maintains homeostasis by quickly responding to stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Random pinching in of membrane to drink in external environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Hydrophilic

A

mainly formed with polar covalent bonds so dissolve in water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Symptoms

A

objective findings from testing the subject (blood, temperature, x-rays, etc)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

DNA

A

genetic material which are polymers of nucleotides arranged in a double helix.

Consists of: deoxyribose, phosphate group, nitrogenous base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Osmotic Pressure

A

the force by which water will move in or out of a cell if solutes can’t

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Right and Left Hypochondriac Regions

A

oIxIo
xIxIx
xIxIx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Protein Shape

A

based on the folding of peptide bonds between polypeptide chain(s)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Globular Proteins

A

compact and rounded to serve as carriers or enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Thoracic Cavity

A

In torso and superior to diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Properties of water

A

Solubility, Reactivity, High Heat Capacity, Lubrication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

Life process definition and what they are

A

distinguishes that which is living from which is not.

  1. Metabolism
  2. Responsiveness
  3. Movement
  4. Growth
  5. Differentiation
  6. Reproduction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

Pubic / Hypogastric Region

A

xIxIx
xIxIx
xIoIx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

Cristae

A

membranous folds containing enzymes of oxidative phosphorylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

Free Ribosomes

A

synthesizes proteins for the cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

Atomic Weight

A

the mass of atom is equivalent to mass of Protons and Neutrons (1 Dalton each)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

Active Transport

A

solutes bind carrier protein & move into cell against concentration gradient. This form requires ATP (eg- Na+/ K+pump)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

Endocytosis

A

cell membrane pinches in to create a vesicle in the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

Effector

A

responds to the commands from the control center

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

Haploid

A

unpaired chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

Codon

A

each 3 nitrogenous bases of mRNA serves as codon to match specific tRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

Anchoring Proteins

A

which help stabilize to neighboring structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

Receptor

A

senses the change (stimulus) in environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

Left and Right Iliac Regions

A

xIxIx
xIxIx
oIxIo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

Disaccharide

A

two sugar molecules (e.g.- maltose)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

Chromosomes

A

DNA tightly coiled into discernable structure (present during mitosis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

Transcription

A

RNA Polymerase aids synthesis of mRNA from coding strand of DNA of gene
Introns are snipped off pre-mRNA as form of editing triplets of nitrogenous bases
Exons are remaining nitrogenous bases which are spliced together to form final mRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

Homeostasis

A

Ability to maintain a relatively constant environment despite fluctuations externally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

Ions

A

a charged atom which has either given up or gained an electron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

Cytokinesis

A

An equal division of cytoplasm by pinching inward along the cell equator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

Reactivity

A

participates in anabolic dehydration synthesis and catabolic hydrolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

Exons

A

are remaining nitrogenous bases which are spliced together to form final mRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

Diagnosis

A

distinguishes anatomical and physiological abberations for any given disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

PM Cholesterol

A

in hydrophobic center helps to stabilize membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

Proteins

A

formed from C, O, H and N (sometimes S) and it’s function is shape-dependent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

Saturated fatty acids

A

have only single covalent bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

Mitotic Rate

A

Rate of mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

Reproduction

A

for perpetuation of species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

Molecule

A

2 or more atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

Phagocytosis

A

cytoplasm of special WBC’s surround foreign body and forms phagosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

Carbohydrates and its types/properties

A

1 Carbon / H2O molecule. Important for energy production from catabolism

  1. Monosaccharide
  2. Disaccharide
  3. Polysaccharide
  4. Hydrophilic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
106
Q

Microvilli

A

increases exposed surface area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
107
Q

Matter

A

has mass and takes up space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
108
Q

Tissue Level

A

Groups of cells work together to perform a limited function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
109
Q

Phospholipids

A

main component of cell membranes w/amphipathic properties

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
110
Q

Tail of tRNA

A

binds specific amino acid (based on anticodon at loop)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
111
Q

Phosphate Group (DNA)

A

forms covalent bond with Deoxyribose sugar as backbone of helix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
112
Q

Lysosomes

A

digest organelles & metabolites

Lysosomal Storage Disease: genetic loss of enzyme (eg- Tay Sachs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
113
Q

Heterozygous

A

both parents offer different alleles and result is blend:

  • Recessive alleles only expressed if homozygous
  • Dominant alleles have stronger expression regardless of other allele
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
114
Q

Deoxyribose (DNA)

A

5 carbon sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
115
Q

Chemical Reactions and the types

A

Reactants (substrates) rearrange to form products

  1. Anabolism
  2. Catabolism
  3. Metabolism
  4. Energy (Kinetic / Potential)
  5. Catalysts (enzymes)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
116
Q

Anatomical Position

A

Facing forward with sole of feet down and palms forward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
117
Q

Pleura

A

Left and right pleura houses lungs which are encased in pleural membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
118
Q

Cytosol and it’s properties

A

Cytosol is intracellular fluid. When compared to extracellular, the cytosol has:
High in K+ and low in Na+
High concentration of Proteins (mostly negatively charged)
High concentration of amino acids, carbohydrates and lipids
Some granules of glycogen & lipid droplets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
119
Q

Histology

A

The study of tissues

120
Q

Peptides

A

consists of peptide bonds between a few amino acids

121
Q

Clinical Anatomy

A

(Gross) from perspective of medical subspecialty (radiographic surgical, etc)

122
Q

Anion

A

negatively charged ion that has gained an electron(s) to fill valence shell

123
Q

Chemical Properties

A

is based on outer layer (valence) of electrons

124
Q

Catalysts

A

lowers activation energy of reaction. Is not changed by reaction

125
Q

Primary Protein

A

from amino acid sequence

126
Q

Telomeres

A

ends of DNA which shorten w/each division and decrease divisions w/age

127
Q

Physiology (and its types)

A

the study of how organisms perform vital functions. (Cell Physiology, Special Physiology, Systemic Physiology, Pathological Physiology)

128
Q

General feedback system

A

resounds to environmental changes

129
Q

Phenotype

A

describes how the gene is expressed in the individual

130
Q

Pathological Physiology

A

study of the effects of disease on cells/organs/organ systems

131
Q

Radioactive Isotopes

A

have unstable nuclei which emit subatomic particles & decay.

132
Q

Cell Membrane Permeability

A

Homeostasis provided by selectively permeable barrier

133
Q

Telophase

A

i. chromatids uncoil and nuclear envelope reappear as cytokinesis completes

134
Q

Superior

A

Cranial

135
Q

Fatty Acids

A

serve as component of fats. Saturated and Unsaturated

136
Q

Protein Synthesis

A

DNA strands separate at promoter segment into template & coding strands.

137
Q

Right Lower Quadrant

A

Houses appendix

138
Q

Apoptosis

A

programmed death of cells w/in given timeframe (cells of the epidermis)

139
Q

Vesicular Bulk Transport

A

requires ATP while moving a vesicle into or out of cell

140
Q

Enzymes

A

catalyze reactions

141
Q

Secretory Vesicles

A

for secretion from the cell (eg- neurotransmitters & hormones)

142
Q

Coronal

A

(Frontal) Vertically divides the body into anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal)

143
Q

Autoregulation

A

refers to ability of cell/tissue/organ to maintain homeostasis on its own

144
Q

Lysosome

A

contains digestive enzymes, used for breaking down metabolites and organelles

145
Q

Peripheral Proteins

A

attached in interior or exterior surface as antigen or for binding

146
Q

Fixed Ribosomes

A

on ER, synthesizes proteins packaged as vesicles by Golgi

147
Q

Metabolism

A

is the sum of all anabolic and catabolic reactions occurring in the body.

148
Q

Left Lower Quadrant

A

Houses part of large and small intestine

149
Q

Umbilicus Region

A

xIxIx
xIoIx
xIxIx

150
Q

Ribosomes

A

Protein synthesis. Consists of rRNA and large and small protein subunits

Free Ribosomes
Fixed Ribosomes

151
Q

Structures of the Plasma Membrane

A

Bilayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, carbohydrates

152
Q

Cancer (neoplasm)

A

cell mitosis exceeds cell death and tissue enlarges.

153
Q

Reactants

A

Substrates

154
Q

Hydrophobic

A

mainly C-H non-polar bonds, so does not dissolve in water.

155
Q

Energy

A

cannot be created or destroyed. Required to carry out reactions of the body.

156
Q

Centrioles

A

region from which microtubules are assembled in dividing cells

157
Q

Secondary Protein

A

from hydrogen bonds of side groups of amino acids in chain

  • Alpha-Helix
  • Pleated Sheet
158
Q

Surface Anatomy

A

(Gross) General forms and markings

159
Q

Receptor Proteins

A

to bind ligands which can trigger changes in cell

160
Q

Eicosinoids

A

derived from arachidonic acid and is a substrate for Prostaglandins formations

161
Q

Pelvic Region

A

within the bones of the pelvic cavity

162
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

double membrane w/perinuclear space & large nuclear pores

163
Q

Solubility

A

polar covalent, serves as perfect solvent for organic and inorganic molecules

164
Q

Systemic Physiology

A

study of specific organ systems

165
Q

Carrier Proteins

A

to transport polar solute across the membrane

166
Q

Mitosis

A

occurs in 4 phases. PMAT

167
Q

Interphase

A

Period in which cells grow & perform all its normal functions

a. DNA replicates
b. Centrioles replicate

168
Q

Glycolipids

A

on outside of membranes only and serve as Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

169
Q

Exocytosis

A

secretory vesicles from Golgi fuse w/membrane to release contents

170
Q

Hypotonic Solutions

A

less solute concentration outside, cell swells (hemolysis)

171
Q

Solution

A

one element/compound (solute) dissolves in another (solvent)

172
Q

Suspension

A

solute particles are too large to dissolve, but are suspended in solvent (blood)

173
Q

Organelles

A

Cytoskeleton, Microvilli, Centrioles, Cilia, Ribosomes, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Apparatus, Lysosomes, Proteosomes, Peroxisomes, Mitochondria, Nucleus

174
Q

Base

A

dissociate in solution to release OH-

175
Q

Malignant tumors

A

divide w/o regulation and do not respect borders, spread by metastasis

176
Q

Isotopes

A

atoms w/same chemical properties but different mass (due to number of neutrons)

177
Q

Isotonic Solutions

A

same concentration in and out of cell, no net osmosis

178
Q

Translation of mRNA

A

tRNA matches codon of mRNA on ribosome for protein synthesis

179
Q

Plasma Membrane function

A

Physical Barrier: maintains internal environment different from the external
Regulation of exchange: removes waste and takes in nutrients
Sensitivity to environment: able to detect changes in environment
Structural support

180
Q

Respiratory System

A

Provides oxygen and removes carbon dioxide from blood

181
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

cell membrane or plasmalemma

182
Q

Cellular Level

A

cells are the smallest living units (cells are composed of organelles)

183
Q

Water is __ of body weight

A

2/3

184
Q

Atoms

A

smallest unit of stable matter

185
Q

Quaternary Proteins

A

interaction from a few polypeptides making one protein (eg- Hgb)

186
Q

High Heat Capacity

A

absorbs and retains heat while remaining a liquid (thermal inertia)

187
Q

Secondary Active Transport

A

moves solutes across the membrane once Na+ to enter the cell

i. Contraport (symport)
ii. Countertransport (antiport)

188
Q

Cell Physiology

A

study of chemical reactions within a cell

189
Q

Gross Anatomy and it’s types

A

large structures seen with the naked eye. (Surface Anatomy, Regional Anatomy, Systemic Anatomy, Developmental Anatomy, Clinical Anatomy)

190
Q

Neutral charge of atoms

A

equal number of positive protons and negative electrons

191
Q

Digestive System

A

digests food to absorb nutrients, minerals, and water

192
Q

PM Carbohydrates

A

can be attached only to EXTERNAL surface of membrane as Glycocalyx
Lubrication: forms viscous layer on outside (lubricates)
Anchoring: sticky glycocalyx can anchor membrane to another membrane
Specificity in binding: ligand receptors that can alter activity of cell
Recognition as Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC): used by immune system

193
Q

3.8% of human body is composed of:

A

Calcium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sodium, Chlorine, Magnesium, Sulfur, Iron, and Iodine

194
Q

Monosaccharide

A

single sugar molecule (eg.- glucose)

195
Q

Mid-Sagittal

A

Divided into equal halves

196
Q

Levels of Organization

A
  1. Chemical
  2. Cellular
  3. Tissue
  4. Organ level
  5. Organ System
  6. Organism
197
Q

Genotype

A

describes each allele from each homologous pair of diploid cell.

Homozygous or Heterozygous

198
Q

Peroxisomes

A

catabolism of fats & organic compounds that result in free radicals
Catalase enzyme to safely break down free radicals
Self-dividing & receive enzymes by protein transport through membrane

199
Q

Abdominopelvic Cavity

A

Region of torso below the diaphragm

200
Q

Protein Functions

A

i. Support: microfilaments & collagen
ii. Movement: contractile proteins (actin and myosin)
iii. Transport: carry hydrophobic substances in blood (eg- HDLs and LDLs)
iv. Buffering: buffer pH
v. Metabolic Regulation: serves as enzymes
vi. Coordination and Control: peptide/protein hormones
vii. Defense: waterproofing and antibiotics

201
Q

Recognition Proteins

A

associated w/carbohydrates as MHC identifier

202
Q

Solvent

A

Solute dissolves in this element/compound

203
Q

Tertiary Protein

A

complex coiling or folding due to covalent, ionic & hydrogen bonds

204
Q

Cell Life Cycle

A

Once cells specialize, some can divide and some cannot

205
Q

Chemical (molecular) level

A

atoms are the smallest unit of matter

206
Q

Rough ER

A

w/ribosomes for synthesis of proteins in transport vesicles

207
Q

Carrier-mediated transport

A

selective transport through integral proteins that it must bind

208
Q

Thick Filaments

A

only in muscles as Myosin

209
Q

Inorganic Compound

A

generally lack a carbon/hydrogen skeleton

210
Q

Protons

A

are positively charged nuclear particles which have a mass of 1 Dalton

211
Q

Cilia

A

long slender cytoplasmic extensions which produce rhythmic beat

212
Q

Free Radicals

A

loss one paired electron and become a highly reactive charged ion

213
Q

Hydrogen Bonds

A

weakest bond, it is between small charges from polar covalent bonds

214
Q

Atomic Particles

A

protons, neutrons, electrons

215
Q

Types of tissues

A

CMEN

  • Connective
  • Muscular
  • Epithelial
  • Nervous
216
Q

.2% of human body is composed of:

A

trace minerals

217
Q

Organism

A

organ systems work in concert to maintain life, health, and reproduction

218
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

Solutes bind carrier protein & move into cell w/concentration gradient

219
Q

Cation

A

positively charged ion that has relinquished electron(s) to have a filled valence

220
Q

Transverse

A

(Cross-Sectional) Horizontally divides into superior/cranial and inferior/caudal

221
Q

Quadrants

A

Vertical from midline and horizontal from umbilicus

222
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

membranous folds from nucleus outward w/cisternae in center

223
Q

PM Proteins

A

denser than lipids. Peripheral proteins and Integral proteins

224
Q

Right and Left Lumbar Regions

A

xIxIx
oIxIo
xIxIx

225
Q

Pericardial Sac

A

Houses heart

226
Q

Nucleoplasm

A

fluid content w/in nuclear membrane, contains matrix proteins for support

227
Q

Genes

A

portion of DNA coding for specific protein. Genetic loci (allele) are basis of heredity.

228
Q

Introns

A

are snipped off pre-mRNA as form of editing triplets of nitrogenous bases

229
Q

pH

A

potential H+ = equal to -log10 moles of H+/Liter where pH of 7 is neutral

230
Q

Ventral Body Cavity

A

contains viscera lined with serial membranes to avoid adhesions

231
Q

Mitotic Growth Factors

A

local hormones which externally increase rate of mitosis

232
Q

Sex cells

A

haploid germ cells

233
Q

Mediastinum

A

Between pleura and houses heart in pericardial sac

234
Q

P-site

A

to which 1st mRNA binds bringing large & small subunits together

235
Q

Left Upper Quadrant

A

Houses stomach, spleen, and pancreas

236
Q

Polar Covalent

A

an unequal sharing of electrons produces small negative and positive charges

237
Q

Diploid

A

homologous pairs of chromosomes

238
Q

Carbon Dioxide

A

byproduct of cell metabolism

239
Q

Organ Level

A

consist of combination of tissues to perform several functions

240
Q

Abdominal Region

A

Above pelvic bones. Peritoneal membrane and retroperitoneal

241
Q

Macrotubules

A

largest filament which is assembled from centrosomes

  • Mitotic spindles during mitosis
  • Anchoring organelles and basis for flagella and cilia
  • Transports organelles and vesicles w/in cell
242
Q

Receptor Mediated Endocytosis

A

ligand binds receptor and membrane pinches inward to form endosome (eg- LDL binds cell and delivers cholesterol)

243
Q

Ionic Bonds

A

from electrical attraction between an anion and cation (eg- salts)

244
Q

ATP

A

is a high-energy nucleotide of Adenosine and high energy phosphate bonds

245
Q

Cranial Cavity

A

houses the brain and the brainstem

246
Q

Metaphase

A

i. kinetochore spindles attached to centromere push chromosomes to center

247
Q

Organ Systems

A
  1. Integumentary System
  2. Skeletal System
  3. Muscular System
  4. Nervous System
  5. Endocrine System
  6. Cardiovascular System
  7. Lymphatic System
  8. Respiratory System
  9. Digestive System
  10. Urinary System
  11. Reproductive System
248
Q

Chromatin

A

DNA is loosely wrapped around histones

249
Q

Peritoneal Membrane

A

Serosal membrane encasing viscera

250
Q

Mixture

A

physical blending of elements or compounds without bonds

251
Q

Inert gases

A

have a filled outer shell of electrons so do not react with other atoms

252
Q

Nucleic Acids consists of:

A

nucleotides with C, O, H N and P

253
Q

Special Physiology

A

study of specific organs

254
Q

Anticodon of tRNA

A

nitrogenous base triplet on loop of tRNA that matches codon of mRNA

255
Q

Spinal Cavity

A

houses the spinal cord

256
Q

Protein Channels

A

passive pores to permit polar substances like water across membrane

257
Q

Responsiveness

A

Detect and respond to environmental changes (adaptation)

258
Q

Polysaccharide

A

large organic polymer of sugar molecules (mainly glycogen in animals)

259
Q

Colloid

A

solute particles are so large, that the solvent is opaque (protein in milk)

260
Q

Muscular System

A

locomotion, generates heat, protects and supports organs

261
Q

Steroids

Cell Membrane / Steroid Hormones / Steroid Derivatives

A

large hydrophobic lipid molecules formed from ring structure with side chains

  • Cell Membrane: integral role in stabilizing cell membranes
  • Steroid hormones: role in tissue metabolism, organism reproduction and development
  • Steroid derivatives: bile salts participates in the digestion of lipids
262
Q

Covalent Bonds

A

a sharing of one or more valence electrons to satisfy the filled valence rule.

263
Q

Lubrication

A

little friction between water molecules

264
Q

Signs (diagnosis)

A

subjective complaints noted by the subject (headache, tired, chills, etc)

265
Q

Homozygous

A

both parent offer the same allele

266
Q

Abdominopelvic Regions

A

Midclavicular and angle of ribs and top of illium

267
Q

Oxygen

A

atmospheric gas required for metabolic reactions (creation of ATP)

268
Q

Polypeptides

A

several peptide bonds between many amino acids

269
Q

Ex. of positive feedback system

A

Parturition with stretch of cervix during delivery and release of oxytocin

270
Q

The cell

A

The cell is the smallest unit which carries out all vital physiological functions necessary to carry out life.

271
Q

Microfilaments

A

thinnest filaments which anchor cytoskeleton to cell membrane

272
Q

Epigastric Region

A

xIoIx
xIxIx
xIxIx

273
Q

Osmosis

A

Channel-mediated transport of water molecules though pore (aquaporin)

274
Q

Integral Proteins

Can function as:

A

w/in membrane and may be Transmembraneous.

Can function as;

  • Anchoring Proteins
  • Recognition Proteins
  • Enzymes
  • Receptor Proteins
  • Carrier Proteins
  • Channels
275
Q

Negative Feedback System

A

the effector negates the stimulus. Explains homeostasis (ex. chills, sweating, etc)

276
Q

Cytology

A

is the study of cells

277
Q

Catabolism

A

decomposition reactions to break bonds to smaller units (hydrolysis)

278
Q

Inferior

A

Caudal

279
Q

Acids

A

dissociate in solution to release H+

280
Q

Lymphatic System

A

defends against infection and returns fluid to circulatory system

281
Q

Developmental Anatomy

A

(Gross) embryological development of body parts

282
Q

Control Center

A

receives information from the stimulus and integrates proper response

283
Q

Lipids

A

Major component of cell membranes and used as very effective energy reserve

  1. Hydrophobic
  2. Fatty Acids
  3. Triglycerides
  4. Steroids
  5. Phospholipids
  6. Glycolipids
  7. Eicosinoids
284
Q

Microscopic Anatomy

A

Structures seen only with magnification

285
Q

Nucleoli

A

transient organelle for synthesis of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and assembly of ribosomal subunits

286
Q

Neutrons

A

are neutral nuclear particles which have a mass of 1 Dalton

287
Q

Hypertonic Solutions

A

more solute concentration outside, cell shrinks (crenation)

288
Q

Contraport (symport)

A

both Na+ and solute come into the cell together

289
Q

Anatomy

A

the study of body structures and the physical relationships between body parts.

290
Q

Diffusion

A

owing to kinetic energy, particles move from area of higher to lower concentration

291
Q

96% of human body is composed of:

A

Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen

292
Q

Buffers

A

salts of weak acids or bases which serve to neutralize solutions

293
Q

Potential Energy

A

energy stored in chemical bonds with anabolism

294
Q

Triglycerides

A

main storage of fats with ester bonds of three fatty acids and one glycerol molecule

  • Energy source: Triglycerides produce 2x ATP/gm of TG compared to carbohydrates & protein
  • Insulation: Triglycerides (TG) help prevent heat loss through the skin
  • Protection: TGs provide cushioning for delicate organs
295
Q

Proteosomes

A

contains proteases to disassemble old proteins for recycling

296
Q

Chemical Bonds

A

re formed from chemical reactions between two or more atoms to form a molecule (even if atoms of the same element) or a compound if the atoms are of different elements.

BIO 170 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions