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BIO 170 > Chapters 1-3 Review > Flashcards

Chapters 1-3 Review Flashcards

1
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Proteins which offer strength and anchoring of organelles

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2
Q

Cytoplasm

A

everything between the cell membrane and the nucleus

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3
Q

__ elements in human body

A

26

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4
Q

Inorganic acids, bases, and salts

A

typically held together by ionic bonds

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5
Q

Phosphate Group (RNA)

A

forms covalent bond with Ribose sugar as backbone of helix

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6
Q

Repressor genes

A

genes which inhibit mitosis

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7
Q

Urinary System

A

filters blood to remove wastes and maintain homeostasis of plasma

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8
Q

Atomic Number

A

Is the number of Protons (and therefore also the number of electrons)

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9
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

membranous curved folds w/hollow cisternae, receives transport vesicles (from Rough ER) on the cis (convex) Golgi surface and exports vesicles from trans (concave) surface: secretory vesicles, lysosome, membrane renewal vesicles

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10
Q

PM Bilayer of phospholipids

A

amphipathic, being hydrophobic in center

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11
Q

Cytology

A

The study of cells

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12
Q

Cardiovascular System

A

distributes nutrients, gases, hormones, and heat

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13
Q

Regional Anatomy

A

(Gross) Areas of specific regions (head, trunk, etc)

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14
Q

Simple Diffusion

A

particles can freely pass through lipid membrane (non-polar)

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15
Q

Skeletal System

A

support, protection, mineral storage, hematopoiesis

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16
Q

Organic Compounds

A

contain C and H backbone of covalent bonds, usually has O2 as well

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17
Q

DNA

A

double helix of nucleotide polymers wrapped around histones. 23 homologous pairs

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18
Q

Non-Polar Covalent

A

equal sharing of electrons so no small charges of the molecule

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19
Q

Anterior

A

Ventral

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20
Q

Oncogenes

A

mutation of repressor or regulatory genes that lead to malignant tumors

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21
Q

Prophase

A

i. DNA tightly coil into chromosomes (paired chromatids attached by centriole)
ii. Nuclear envelope disappears
iii. centrioles migrate to opposite poles creating mitotic spindles stretching cell

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22
Q

Para-Sagittal

A

divided unequally

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23
Q

Polyribosome

A

One mRNA attaches to several ribosomes simultaneously producing same protein

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24
Q

Anaphase

A

i. kinetochore spindles disassembled and chromatids separate to opposite poles

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25
Q

Nucleus

A

control center directing synthesis of over 100,000 proteins directed by genes

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26
Q

A-site

A

to which 2nd mRNA binds and amino acids from the two tRNA form peptide bond

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27
Q

Half-life

A

refers to the time it takes for half of the radioactive material to decay

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28
Q

Extrinsic Regulation

A

in which homeostasis is directed by the Nervous or Endocrine systems

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29
Q

Solute

A

element/compound that dissolves in another (solvent)

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30
Q

Positive Feedback System

A

the effector increases the stimulus. Continues until process ends (ex. child birth and blood clotting)

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31
Q

Differentiation

A

Cells lose ability to transcribe all the available genes.

Stem cells retain the ability to transcribe different genes so can differentiate to several cell types

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32
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids

A

have one or more double covalent bonds

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33
Q

Ribose (RNA)

A

5 carbon sugar

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34
Q

Sagittal

A

Vertically divides body into left and right halves

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35
Q

Posterior

A

dorsal

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36
Q

Reproductive System

A

hormones, reproduction

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37
Q

Channel mediated transport and what its dependent on

A

substance small enough to fit through a pore, dependent on:
i. Distance across the membrane
ii. Molecular size: smaller molecules pass through faster
Temperature: higher temperature speed up transport
Gradient size: the greater the concentration differential, the faster the transport
Electrical forces: attraction by opposite charges (electrical gradient)

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38
Q

Compound

A

if atoms are of different elements

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39
Q

Retroperitoneal viscera

A

behind peritoneum, anchored with CT

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40
Q

Differentiation

A

cells specialize in their function

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41
Q

Countertransport (antiport)

A

Na+ moves into cell while solute moves out of cell

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42
Q

Somatic cells

A

all the diploid cells of the body

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43
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

helps maintain cell shape and anchors organelles

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44
Q

Integumentary System

A

protection, heat regulation, and sensory input

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45
Q

Mitochondria

A

aerobic energy production (~95% of cell energy) via tricarboxylic acid cycle

  • Self-dividing: has its own DNA and RNA. Derived from maternal ova.
  • Cristae: membranous folds containing enzymes of oxidative phosphorylation
  • Matrix: in fluid of mitochondria
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46
Q

Smooth ER

A

w/o ribosomes for synthesis of carbohydrates & lipids (Ca+2storage)

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47
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

energy of motion and is energy released during catabolism

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48
Q

Electrons

A

are negatively charged particles that travel in obit/cloud around nucleus. The mass of an electron is insignificantly small

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49
Q

Fibrous proteins

A

arranged in strands for support or movement

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50
Q

Nitrogenous Base (RNA)

A

3 consecutive nitrogenous bases serves as a codon for protein synthesis

i. Adenine matches DNA Thymine during RNA synthesis
ii. Cytosine matches DNA Guanine during RNA synthesis
iii. Guanine matches DNA Cytosine during RNA synthesis
iv. Uracil matches DNA Adenine during RNA synthesis

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51
Q

Ribosome

A

consists of large and small protein subunits stabilized w/rRNA

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52
Q

Metabolism

A

ability to carry out chemical reactions and create energy

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53
Q

RNA

A

are polymers of nucleotides arranged in a single helix stand

Consists of: Ribose, Phosphate Group, Nitrogenous Base

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54
Q

Systemic Anatomy

A

(Gross) Regards specific organ systems (nervous, endocrine, etc)

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55
Q

Ribosomal complex

A

moves down as a new tRNA binds the A-site and a tripeptide is formed.

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56
Q

Endocrine System

A

Slow, long-term effect on homeostasis and maturation

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57
Q

Nitrogenous Base (DNA)

A

forms hydrogen bonds with nitrogenous basis from other helix

i. Adenine which pairs with Thymine
ii. Cytosine which pairs with Guanine
iii. Thymine which pairs with Adenine
v. Guanine which pairs with Cytosine

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58
Q

Movement

A

at cellular, organ, organ system, and organism level

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59
Q

Anabolism

A

synthesis reactions to form larger molecules (dehydration synthesis in the body)

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60
Q

Organ System level

A

how organs interact to perform complex task for organism

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61
Q

Dorsal Body Cavity

A

Lined with Meninges. Cranial Cavity and Spinal Cavity

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62
Q

Right Upper Quadrant

A

Houses liver and gall bladder

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63
Q

Membrane Renewal Vesicles

A

to replenish membrane

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64
Q

Growth

A

cells to increase in number and size

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65
Q

Nervous System

A

maintains homeostasis by quickly responding to stimuli

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66
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Random pinching in of membrane to drink in external environment

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67
Q

Hydrophilic

A

mainly formed with polar covalent bonds so dissolve in water

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68
Q

Symptoms

A

objective findings from testing the subject (blood, temperature, x-rays, etc)

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69
Q

DNA

A

genetic material which are polymers of nucleotides arranged in a double helix.

Consists of: deoxyribose, phosphate group, nitrogenous base

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70
Q

Osmotic Pressure

A

the force by which water will move in or out of a cell if solutes can’t

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71
Q

Right and Left Hypochondriac Regions

A

oIxIo
xIxIx
xIxIx

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72
Q

Protein Shape

A

based on the folding of peptide bonds between polypeptide chain(s)

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73
Q

Globular Proteins

A

compact and rounded to serve as carriers or enzymes

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74
Q

Thoracic Cavity

A

In torso and superior to diaphragm

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75
Q

Properties of water

A

Solubility, Reactivity, High Heat Capacity, Lubrication

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76
Q

Life process definition and what they are

A

distinguishes that which is living from which is not.

  1. Metabolism
  2. Responsiveness
  3. Movement
  4. Growth
  5. Differentiation
  6. Reproduction
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77
Q

Pubic / Hypogastric Region

A

xIxIx
xIxIx
xIoIx

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78
Q

Cristae

A

membranous folds containing enzymes of oxidative phosphorylation

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79
Q

Free Ribosomes

A

synthesizes proteins for the cytoplasm

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80
Q

Atomic Weight

A

the mass of atom is equivalent to mass of Protons and Neutrons (1 Dalton each)

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81
Q

Active Transport

A

solutes bind carrier protein & move into cell against concentration gradient. This form requires ATP (eg- Na+/ K+pump)

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82
Q

Endocytosis

A

cell membrane pinches in to create a vesicle in the cell

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83
Q

Effector

A

responds to the commands from the control center

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84
Q

Haploid

A

unpaired chromosomes

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85
Q

Codon

A

each 3 nitrogenous bases of mRNA serves as codon to match specific tRNA

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86
Q

Anchoring Proteins

A

which help stabilize to neighboring structures

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87
Q

Receptor

A

senses the change (stimulus) in environment

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88
Q

Left and Right Iliac Regions

A

xIxIx
xIxIx
oIxIo

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89
Q

Disaccharide

A

two sugar molecules (e.g.- maltose)

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90
Q

Chromosomes

A

DNA tightly coiled into discernable structure (present during mitosis)

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91
Q

Transcription

A

RNA Polymerase aids synthesis of mRNA from coding strand of DNA of gene
Introns are snipped off pre-mRNA as form of editing triplets of nitrogenous bases
Exons are remaining nitrogenous bases which are spliced together to form final mRNA

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92
Q

Homeostasis

A

Ability to maintain a relatively constant environment despite fluctuations externally

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93
Q

Ions

A

a charged atom which has either given up or gained an electron

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94
Q

Cytokinesis

A

An equal division of cytoplasm by pinching inward along the cell equator

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95
Q

Reactivity

A

participates in anabolic dehydration synthesis and catabolic hydrolysis

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96
Q

Exons

A

are remaining nitrogenous bases which are spliced together to form final mRNA

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97
Q

Diagnosis

A

distinguishes anatomical and physiological abberations for any given disease

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98
Q

PM Cholesterol

A

in hydrophobic center helps to stabilize membrane

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99
Q

Proteins

A

formed from C, O, H and N (sometimes S) and it’s function is shape-dependent

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100
Q

Saturated fatty acids

A

have only single covalent bonds

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101
Q

Mitotic Rate

A

Rate of mitosis

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102
Q

Reproduction

A

for perpetuation of species

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103
Q

Molecule

A

2 or more atoms

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104
Q

Phagocytosis

A

cytoplasm of special WBC’s surround foreign body and forms phagosome

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105
Q

Carbohydrates and its types/properties

A

1 Carbon / H2O molecule. Important for energy production from catabolism

  1. Monosaccharide
  2. Disaccharide
  3. Polysaccharide
  4. Hydrophilic
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106
Q

Microvilli

A

increases exposed surface area

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107
Q

Matter

A

has mass and takes up space

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108
Q

Tissue Level

A

Groups of cells work together to perform a limited function

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109
Q

Phospholipids

A

main component of cell membranes w/amphipathic properties

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110
Q

Tail of tRNA

A

binds specific amino acid (based on anticodon at loop)

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111
Q

Phosphate Group (DNA)

A

forms covalent bond with Deoxyribose sugar as backbone of helix

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112
Q

Lysosomes

A

digest organelles & metabolites

Lysosomal Storage Disease: genetic loss of enzyme (eg- Tay Sachs)

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113
Q

Heterozygous

A

both parents offer different alleles and result is blend:

  • Recessive alleles only expressed if homozygous
  • Dominant alleles have stronger expression regardless of other allele
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114
Q

Deoxyribose (DNA)

A

5 carbon sugar

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115
Q

Chemical Reactions and the types

A

Reactants (substrates) rearrange to form products

  1. Anabolism
  2. Catabolism
  3. Metabolism
  4. Energy (Kinetic / Potential)
  5. Catalysts (enzymes)
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116
Q

Anatomical Position

A

Facing forward with sole of feet down and palms forward

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117
Q

Pleura

A

Left and right pleura houses lungs which are encased in pleural membrane

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118
Q

Cytosol and it’s properties

A

Cytosol is intracellular fluid. When compared to extracellular, the cytosol has:
High in K+ and low in Na+
High concentration of Proteins (mostly negatively charged)
High concentration of amino acids, carbohydrates and lipids
Some granules of glycogen & lipid droplets

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119
Q

Histology

A

The study of tissues

120
Q

Peptides

A

consists of peptide bonds between a few amino acids

121
Q

Clinical Anatomy

A

(Gross) from perspective of medical subspecialty (radiographic surgical, etc)

122
Q

Anion

A

negatively charged ion that has gained an electron(s) to fill valence shell

123
Q

Chemical Properties

A

is based on outer layer (valence) of electrons

124
Q

Catalysts

A

lowers activation energy of reaction. Is not changed by reaction

125
Q

Primary Protein

A

from amino acid sequence

126
Q

Telomeres

A

ends of DNA which shorten w/each division and decrease divisions w/age

127
Q

Physiology (and its types)

A

the study of how organisms perform vital functions. (Cell Physiology, Special Physiology, Systemic Physiology, Pathological Physiology)

128
Q

General feedback system

A

resounds to environmental changes

129
Q

Phenotype

A

describes how the gene is expressed in the individual

130
Q

Pathological Physiology

A

study of the effects of disease on cells/organs/organ systems

131
Q

Radioactive Isotopes

A

have unstable nuclei which emit subatomic particles & decay.

132
Q

Cell Membrane Permeability

A

Homeostasis provided by selectively permeable barrier

133
Q

Telophase

A

i. chromatids uncoil and nuclear envelope reappear as cytokinesis completes

134
Q

Superior

135
Q

Fatty Acids

A

serve as component of fats. Saturated and Unsaturated

136
Q

Protein Synthesis

A

DNA strands separate at promoter segment into template & coding strands.

137
Q

Right Lower Quadrant

A

Houses appendix

138
Q

Apoptosis

A

programmed death of cells w/in given timeframe (cells of the epidermis)

139
Q

Vesicular Bulk Transport

A

requires ATP while moving a vesicle into or out of cell

140
Q

Enzymes

A

catalyze reactions

141
Q

Secretory Vesicles

A

for secretion from the cell (eg- neurotransmitters & hormones)

142
Q

Coronal

A

(Frontal) Vertically divides the body into anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal)

143
Q

Autoregulation

A

refers to ability of cell/tissue/organ to maintain homeostasis on its own

144
Q

Lysosome

A

contains digestive enzymes, used for breaking down metabolites and organelles

145
Q

Peripheral Proteins

A

attached in interior or exterior surface as antigen or for binding

146
Q

Fixed Ribosomes

A

on ER, synthesizes proteins packaged as vesicles by Golgi

147
Q

Metabolism

A

is the sum of all anabolic and catabolic reactions occurring in the body.

148
Q

Left Lower Quadrant

A

Houses part of large and small intestine

149
Q

Umbilicus Region

A

xIxIx
xIoIx
xIxIx

150
Q

Ribosomes

A

Protein synthesis. Consists of rRNA and large and small protein subunits

Free Ribosomes
Fixed Ribosomes

151
Q

Structures of the Plasma Membrane

A

Bilayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, carbohydrates

152
Q

Cancer (neoplasm)

A

cell mitosis exceeds cell death and tissue enlarges.

153
Q

Reactants

A

Substrates

154
Q

Hydrophobic

A

mainly C-H non-polar bonds, so does not dissolve in water.

155
Q

Energy

A

cannot be created or destroyed. Required to carry out reactions of the body.

156
Q

Centrioles

A

region from which microtubules are assembled in dividing cells

157
Q

Secondary Protein

A

from hydrogen bonds of side groups of amino acids in chain

  • Alpha-Helix
  • Pleated Sheet
158
Q

Surface Anatomy

A

(Gross) General forms and markings

159
Q

Receptor Proteins

A

to bind ligands which can trigger changes in cell

160
Q

Eicosinoids

A

derived from arachidonic acid and is a substrate for Prostaglandins formations

161
Q

Pelvic Region

A

within the bones of the pelvic cavity

162
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

double membrane w/perinuclear space & large nuclear pores

163
Q

Solubility

A

polar covalent, serves as perfect solvent for organic and inorganic molecules

164
Q

Systemic Physiology

A

study of specific organ systems

165
Q

Carrier Proteins

A

to transport polar solute across the membrane

166
Q

Mitosis

A

occurs in 4 phases. PMAT

167
Q

Interphase

A

Period in which cells grow & perform all its normal functions

a. DNA replicates
b. Centrioles replicate

168
Q

Glycolipids

A

on outside of membranes only and serve as Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

169
Q

Exocytosis

A

secretory vesicles from Golgi fuse w/membrane to release contents

170
Q

Hypotonic Solutions

A

less solute concentration outside, cell swells (hemolysis)

171
Q

Solution

A

one element/compound (solute) dissolves in another (solvent)

172
Q

Suspension

A

solute particles are too large to dissolve, but are suspended in solvent (blood)

173
Q

Organelles

A

Cytoskeleton, Microvilli, Centrioles, Cilia, Ribosomes, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Apparatus, Lysosomes, Proteosomes, Peroxisomes, Mitochondria, Nucleus

174
Q

Base

A

dissociate in solution to release OH-

175
Q

Malignant tumors

A

divide w/o regulation and do not respect borders, spread by metastasis

176
Q

Isotopes

A

atoms w/same chemical properties but different mass (due to number of neutrons)

177
Q

Isotonic Solutions

A

same concentration in and out of cell, no net osmosis

178
Q

Translation of mRNA

A

tRNA matches codon of mRNA on ribosome for protein synthesis

179
Q

Plasma Membrane function

A

Physical Barrier: maintains internal environment different from the external
Regulation of exchange: removes waste and takes in nutrients
Sensitivity to environment: able to detect changes in environment
Structural support

180
Q

Respiratory System

A

Provides oxygen and removes carbon dioxide from blood

181
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

cell membrane or plasmalemma

182
Q

Cellular Level

A

cells are the smallest living units (cells are composed of organelles)

183
Q

Water is __ of body weight

184
Q

Atoms

A

smallest unit of stable matter

185
Q

Quaternary Proteins

A

interaction from a few polypeptides making one protein (eg- Hgb)

186
Q

High Heat Capacity

A

absorbs and retains heat while remaining a liquid (thermal inertia)

187
Q

Secondary Active Transport

A

moves solutes across the membrane once Na+ to enter the cell

i. Contraport (symport)
ii. Countertransport (antiport)

188
Q

Cell Physiology

A

study of chemical reactions within a cell

189
Q

Gross Anatomy and it’s types

A

large structures seen with the naked eye. (Surface Anatomy, Regional Anatomy, Systemic Anatomy, Developmental Anatomy, Clinical Anatomy)

190
Q

Neutral charge of atoms

A

equal number of positive protons and negative electrons

191
Q

Digestive System

A

digests food to absorb nutrients, minerals, and water

192
Q

PM Carbohydrates

A

can be attached only to EXTERNAL surface of membrane as Glycocalyx
Lubrication: forms viscous layer on outside (lubricates)
Anchoring: sticky glycocalyx can anchor membrane to another membrane
Specificity in binding: ligand receptors that can alter activity of cell
Recognition as Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC): used by immune system

193
Q

3.8% of human body is composed of:

A

Calcium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sodium, Chlorine, Magnesium, Sulfur, Iron, and Iodine

194
Q

Monosaccharide

A

single sugar molecule (eg.- glucose)

195
Q

Mid-Sagittal

A

Divided into equal halves

196
Q

Levels of Organization

A
  1. Chemical
  2. Cellular
  3. Tissue
  4. Organ level
  5. Organ System
  6. Organism
197
Q

Genotype

A

describes each allele from each homologous pair of diploid cell.

Homozygous or Heterozygous

198
Q

Peroxisomes

A

catabolism of fats & organic compounds that result in free radicals
Catalase enzyme to safely break down free radicals
Self-dividing & receive enzymes by protein transport through membrane

199
Q

Abdominopelvic Cavity

A

Region of torso below the diaphragm

200
Q

Protein Functions

A

i. Support: microfilaments & collagen
ii. Movement: contractile proteins (actin and myosin)
iii. Transport: carry hydrophobic substances in blood (eg- HDLs and LDLs)
iv. Buffering: buffer pH
v. Metabolic Regulation: serves as enzymes
vi. Coordination and Control: peptide/protein hormones
vii. Defense: waterproofing and antibiotics

201
Q

Recognition Proteins

A

associated w/carbohydrates as MHC identifier

202
Q

Solvent

A

Solute dissolves in this element/compound

203
Q

Tertiary Protein

A

complex coiling or folding due to covalent, ionic & hydrogen bonds

204
Q

Cell Life Cycle

A

Once cells specialize, some can divide and some cannot

205
Q

Chemical (molecular) level

A

atoms are the smallest unit of matter

206
Q

Rough ER

A

w/ribosomes for synthesis of proteins in transport vesicles

207
Q

Carrier-mediated transport

A

selective transport through integral proteins that it must bind

208
Q

Thick Filaments

A

only in muscles as Myosin

209
Q

Inorganic Compound

A

generally lack a carbon/hydrogen skeleton

210
Q

Protons

A

are positively charged nuclear particles which have a mass of 1 Dalton

211
Q

Cilia

A

long slender cytoplasmic extensions which produce rhythmic beat

212
Q

Free Radicals

A

loss one paired electron and become a highly reactive charged ion

213
Q

Hydrogen Bonds

A

weakest bond, it is between small charges from polar covalent bonds

214
Q

Atomic Particles

A

protons, neutrons, electrons

215
Q

Types of tissues

A

CMEN

  • Connective
  • Muscular
  • Epithelial
  • Nervous
216
Q

.2% of human body is composed of:

A

trace minerals

217
Q

Organism

A

organ systems work in concert to maintain life, health, and reproduction

218
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

Solutes bind carrier protein & move into cell w/concentration gradient

219
Q

Cation

A

positively charged ion that has relinquished electron(s) to have a filled valence

220
Q

Transverse

A

(Cross-Sectional) Horizontally divides into superior/cranial and inferior/caudal

221
Q

Quadrants

A

Vertical from midline and horizontal from umbilicus

222
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

membranous folds from nucleus outward w/cisternae in center

223
Q

PM Proteins

A

denser than lipids. Peripheral proteins and Integral proteins

224
Q

Right and Left Lumbar Regions

A

xIxIx
oIxIo
xIxIx

225
Q

Pericardial Sac

A

Houses heart

226
Q

Nucleoplasm

A

fluid content w/in nuclear membrane, contains matrix proteins for support

227
Q

Genes

A

portion of DNA coding for specific protein. Genetic loci (allele) are basis of heredity.

228
Q

Introns

A

are snipped off pre-mRNA as form of editing triplets of nitrogenous bases

229
Q

pH

A

potential H+ = equal to -log10 moles of H+/Liter where pH of 7 is neutral

230
Q

Ventral Body Cavity

A

contains viscera lined with serial membranes to avoid adhesions

231
Q

Mitotic Growth Factors

A

local hormones which externally increase rate of mitosis

232
Q

Sex cells

A

haploid germ cells

233
Q

Mediastinum

A

Between pleura and houses heart in pericardial sac

234
Q

P-site

A

to which 1st mRNA binds bringing large & small subunits together

235
Q

Left Upper Quadrant

A

Houses stomach, spleen, and pancreas

236
Q

Polar Covalent

A

an unequal sharing of electrons produces small negative and positive charges

237
Q

Diploid

A

homologous pairs of chromosomes

238
Q

Carbon Dioxide

A

byproduct of cell metabolism

239
Q

Organ Level

A

consist of combination of tissues to perform several functions

240
Q

Abdominal Region

A

Above pelvic bones. Peritoneal membrane and retroperitoneal

241
Q

Macrotubules

A

largest filament which is assembled from centrosomes

  • Mitotic spindles during mitosis
  • Anchoring organelles and basis for flagella and cilia
  • Transports organelles and vesicles w/in cell
242
Q

Receptor Mediated Endocytosis

A

ligand binds receptor and membrane pinches inward to form endosome (eg- LDL binds cell and delivers cholesterol)

243
Q

Ionic Bonds

A

from electrical attraction between an anion and cation (eg- salts)

244
Q

ATP

A

is a high-energy nucleotide of Adenosine and high energy phosphate bonds

245
Q

Cranial Cavity

A

houses the brain and the brainstem

246
Q

Metaphase

A

i. kinetochore spindles attached to centromere push chromosomes to center

247
Q

Organ Systems

A
  1. Integumentary System
  2. Skeletal System
  3. Muscular System
  4. Nervous System
  5. Endocrine System
  6. Cardiovascular System
  7. Lymphatic System
  8. Respiratory System
  9. Digestive System
  10. Urinary System
  11. Reproductive System
248
Q

Chromatin

A

DNA is loosely wrapped around histones

249
Q

Peritoneal Membrane

A

Serosal membrane encasing viscera

250
Q

Mixture

A

physical blending of elements or compounds without bonds

251
Q

Inert gases

A

have a filled outer shell of electrons so do not react with other atoms

252
Q

Nucleic Acids consists of:

A

nucleotides with C, O, H N and P

253
Q

Special Physiology

A

study of specific organs

254
Q

Anticodon of tRNA

A

nitrogenous base triplet on loop of tRNA that matches codon of mRNA

255
Q

Spinal Cavity

A

houses the spinal cord

256
Q

Protein Channels

A

passive pores to permit polar substances like water across membrane

257
Q

Responsiveness

A

Detect and respond to environmental changes (adaptation)

258
Q

Polysaccharide

A

large organic polymer of sugar molecules (mainly glycogen in animals)

259
Q

Colloid

A

solute particles are so large, that the solvent is opaque (protein in milk)

260
Q

Muscular System

A

locomotion, generates heat, protects and supports organs

261
Q

Steroids

Cell Membrane / Steroid Hormones / Steroid Derivatives

A

large hydrophobic lipid molecules formed from ring structure with side chains

  • Cell Membrane: integral role in stabilizing cell membranes
  • Steroid hormones: role in tissue metabolism, organism reproduction and development
  • Steroid derivatives: bile salts participates in the digestion of lipids
262
Q

Covalent Bonds

A

a sharing of one or more valence electrons to satisfy the filled valence rule.

263
Q

Lubrication

A

little friction between water molecules

264
Q

Signs (diagnosis)

A

subjective complaints noted by the subject (headache, tired, chills, etc)

265
Q

Homozygous

A

both parent offer the same allele

266
Q

Abdominopelvic Regions

A

Midclavicular and angle of ribs and top of illium

267
Q

Oxygen

A

atmospheric gas required for metabolic reactions (creation of ATP)

268
Q

Polypeptides

A

several peptide bonds between many amino acids

269
Q

Ex. of positive feedback system

A

Parturition with stretch of cervix during delivery and release of oxytocin

270
Q

The cell

A

The cell is the smallest unit which carries out all vital physiological functions necessary to carry out life.

271
Q

Microfilaments

A

thinnest filaments which anchor cytoskeleton to cell membrane

272
Q

Epigastric Region

A

xIoIx
xIxIx
xIxIx

273
Q

Osmosis

A

Channel-mediated transport of water molecules though pore (aquaporin)

274
Q

Integral Proteins

Can function as:

A

w/in membrane and may be Transmembraneous.

Can function as;

  • Anchoring Proteins
  • Recognition Proteins
  • Enzymes
  • Receptor Proteins
  • Carrier Proteins
  • Channels
275
Q

Negative Feedback System

A

the effector negates the stimulus. Explains homeostasis (ex. chills, sweating, etc)

276
Q

Cytology

A

is the study of cells

277
Q

Catabolism

A

decomposition reactions to break bonds to smaller units (hydrolysis)

278
Q

Inferior

279
Q

Acids

A

dissociate in solution to release H+

280
Q

Lymphatic System

A

defends against infection and returns fluid to circulatory system

281
Q

Developmental Anatomy

A

(Gross) embryological development of body parts

282
Q

Control Center

A

receives information from the stimulus and integrates proper response

283
Q

Lipids

A

Major component of cell membranes and used as very effective energy reserve

  1. Hydrophobic
  2. Fatty Acids
  3. Triglycerides
  4. Steroids
  5. Phospholipids
  6. Glycolipids
  7. Eicosinoids
284
Q

Microscopic Anatomy

A

Structures seen only with magnification

285
Q

Nucleoli

A

transient organelle for synthesis of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and assembly of ribosomal subunits

286
Q

Neutrons

A

are neutral nuclear particles which have a mass of 1 Dalton

287
Q

Hypertonic Solutions

A

more solute concentration outside, cell shrinks (crenation)

288
Q

Contraport (symport)

A

both Na+ and solute come into the cell together

289
Q

Anatomy

A

the study of body structures and the physical relationships between body parts.

290
Q

Diffusion

A

owing to kinetic energy, particles move from area of higher to lower concentration

291
Q

96% of human body is composed of:

A

Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen

292
Q

Buffers

A

salts of weak acids or bases which serve to neutralize solutions

293
Q

Potential Energy

A

energy stored in chemical bonds with anabolism

294
Q

Triglycerides

A

main storage of fats with ester bonds of three fatty acids and one glycerol molecule

  • Energy source: Triglycerides produce 2x ATP/gm of TG compared to carbohydrates & protein
  • Insulation: Triglycerides (TG) help prevent heat loss through the skin
  • Protection: TGs provide cushioning for delicate organs
295
Q

Proteosomes

A

contains proteases to disassemble old proteins for recycling

296
Q

Chemical Bonds

A

re formed from chemical reactions between two or more atoms to form a molecule (even if atoms of the same element) or a compound if the atoms are of different elements.

BIO 170 (9 decks)

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