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BIO 170 > Chapter 4 Review - Tissue > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Review - Tissue Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Tissue

A

refers to a collection of several different cell types, along with their cell products, all coordinated together to perform a limited number of functions

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2
Q

Embryological Tissue

A

200 different cell types are embryological tissues: Ectoderm, Mesoderm & Endoderm.

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3
Q

Types of Tissue

A

Connective, Muscle, Epithelial, and Neural

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4
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

which typically covers exposed surfaces, lines internal passageways or forms glands. Epithelial cells may be derived from each of the three embryologic germ layers.

Characteristics: Cellularity, Polarity, Attachments, Avascularity, Regeneration.

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5
Q

Cellularity

A

ET. Cells packed tightly together without much extracellular material.

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6
Q

Intercellular Cement

A

ET. is made from sticky proteoglycans containing glycosamine.

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7
Q

Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAM’s)

A

ET. are transmembraneous proteins that proceed through the cell membrane and can bind to CAM’s from other cells or to the basal lamina

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8
Q

Cell Junctions

A

ET. Tight Junctions, Gap Junctions, Desmosomes; specialized areas of bound or interlocking membranes

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9
Q

Tight Junctions

A

ET. band of transmembrane proteins which produce a waterproof barrier .

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10
Q

Gap Junctions

A

ET. allow substances such as ions to freely flow from one cell to another.

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11
Q

Desmosomes

A

ET. patches of plaques reinforced by intermediate filaments. They are found in areas subject to much mechanical stress

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12
Q

Polarity

A

ET. There is an apical portion on top and a base below (above loose CT).

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13
Q

Hemidesmosomes

A

ET. Attachments. Hemidesmosomes attach epithelia to basement membrane (from epithelia secretions from above- lamina lucida and lamina densa from CT secretions from below).

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14
Q

Avascularity

A

ET. Derive nutrients from absorption through basement membrane.

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15
Q

Regeneration

A

ET. often subject to mechanical stress, damage and cell loss. Stem cells (also known as geminative cells) are often located near the basement membrane.

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16
Q

Stem Cells

A

Geminative Cells. Located near the basement layer.

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17
Q

Functions of Epithelial Tissue

A

Physical protection, selective permeability, provide sensation, and specialized secretions.

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18
Q

Physical protection

A

ET. serves as lining or covering to serve as barrier.

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19
Q

Selective permeability

A

ET. substances must pass through cell membrane to enter.

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20
Q

Provide sensation

A

ET. Often possess sensory supply to alert the body as to both the internal and external environment. Neuroepithelia are highly specialized receptors for a particular sensory function (taste, smell, sight, equilibrium & hearing).

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21
Q

Specialized secretions

A

ET. All the glandular tissues of our body consist of epithelial tissue.

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22
Q

Neuroepithelia

A

are highly specialized receptors for a particular sensory function (taste, smell, sight, equilibrium & hearing).

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23
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

glands which secrete hormones out basal surface into interstitial fluids.

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24
Q

Exocrine Glands

A

glands in which secretions are from apical surface into ducts which exit the body. Exocrine excretions can be serous (liquidy) as with enzyme releasing glands &/or mucous to protect the GI tract.

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25
Q

Merocrine

A

Exocrine secretion. xocytosis (mucous glands of digestive tract) and is perhaps the most common exocrine gland.

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26
Q

Apocrine

A

Exocrine secretion. apical surface of cell is shed the along w/secretory vesicles and cytoplasm. The cell must then repair itself. Milk production in lactating breast cells and some sweat glands in the groin and armpit.

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27
Q

Halocrine

A

Exocrine secretion. glands become packed w/secretory vesicles and then burst, releasing all the contents and destroying the cell (sebaceous glands).

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28
Q

Classification of Epithelial Tissue

A

According to cell shape and presence of layers.

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29
Q

Simple Squamous

A

single layer of thin flat cells.

a. Respiration: lining lung alveoli for gas exchange.
b. Reduce friction: slippery surface of mesothelium and blood vessels.

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30
Q

Simple cuboidal

A

allows for secretion & absorption of renal tubules (altering filtrate)

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31
Q

Simple Columnar

A

seen in digestive tract providing enzymes, secretions & absorption.

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32
Q

Ciliated Simple Columnar

A

creating a fluid current in the uterine tube

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33
Q

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar

A

In Upper Respiratory Tract to remove debris

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34
Q

Transitional Epithelia

A

many layers of cells which change shape- Urinary bladder

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35
Q

Stratified Squamous

A

consists of layers of squamous cells, typical of linings which are exposed to mechanical stress such as the skin, mouth, rectum and vagina. Cells of these tissues are of ectodermal origin.

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36
Q

Stratified Cuboidal

A

layers of cuboidal cells, eg- ducts of sweat & mammary glands

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37
Q

Connective Tissue and it’s origin

A

establishes a structural framework for the body (binds together, supports & strengthens body tissues), it protects, insulates and compartmentalizes body structures. All CT is derived from embryologic mesoderm.

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38
Q

Connective Tissue characteristics

A

CT vary in consistency (liquid to bone), but all have specialized cells & a matrix (protein fibers and ground substance)

  1. Specialized Cells
  2. Ground Substance
  3. Protein Fibers
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39
Q

Specialized Cells

A

Vary according to CT type.

a. fibroblasts
b. macrophages
c. adipocytes
d. mesenchymal cells
e. melanocytes
f. mast cells
g. lymphocytes
h. microphages

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40
Q

Fibroblasts

A

in all CT. Secrete glycosaminoglycans & collagen

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41
Q

Macrophages

A

large scavengers that engulf & digest foreign bodies & damaged cells

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42
Q

Adipocytes

A

store lipid droplets

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43
Q

Mesenchymal Cells

A

mesodermal stem cells utilized for tissue repair

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44
Q

Melanocytes

A

synthesize & secrete melanin (color pigment)

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45
Q

Mast Cells

A

near blood vessels and release chemicals (histamine & heparin) promoting inflammation to help fight infectious agent

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46
Q

Lymphocytes

A

migrate through CT to destroy foreign substances and some become plasma cells and produce antibodies

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47
Q

Microphages

A

small phagocytic WBC’s drawn to sight of infection by chemotaxis

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48
Q

Ground Substance

A

CT. fills space between cells: It can be liquid, gel or solid

a. glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
b. proteoglycans
c. chondroitin sulfate
d. fibronectin

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49
Q

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

A

Viscous substance like Hyaluron

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50
Q

Proteoglycans

A

complex carbohydrates

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51
Q

Chondroitin Sulphate

A

main GAG of cartilage

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52
Q

Fibronectin

A

connects the ground substance to protein fibers

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53
Q

Protein Fibers

A

Fibroblasts secrete protein subunits which interact in matrix to become:

a. collagen fibers
b. reticular fibers
c. elastic fibers

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54
Q

Collagen Fibers

A

unbranched fibers wound together to provide tensile strength-most common

55
Q

Reticular Fibers

A

single unbranched fiber forms stroma (like spider web)

56
Q

Elastic Fibers

A

unbranched wavy fibers of elastin- stretch and recoil

57
Q

Classification of CT

A
  1. Embryonic CT
  2. CT Proper
  3. Fluid CT
  4. Supportive CT
58
Q

Embryonic CT

A

contains mesenchymal stem cells from which all other CT is formed.

a. mesenchymal CT
b. Whartons Jelly

59
Q

Mesenchymal CT

A

embryonic ct. Mesenchymal cells w/fine reticular fibers- forms into adult CT

60
Q

Whartons Jelly

A

embryonic ct. found in umbilical cord. Like mesenchymal, but also has fibroblasts.

61
Q

CT Proper

A

found throughout body w/variable amount of cell, can be loose or dense.

  1. Loose CT: areolar, adipose, reticular
  2. Dense CT: dense regular, dense irregular, elastic CT
62
Q

Loose CT

A

CT Proper. functions as packing material to cushion & stabilize organs.

a. areolar CT
b. Adipose
c. Reticular CT

63
Q

Areolar CT

A

CT Proper: Loose CT.

Areolar CT has variety of cells and fibers, separates skin from deeper layers and has extensive blood and nerve supply. Fibroblast lay down reticular layer of basement membrane (for epithelial tissue).

64
Q

Adipose

A

CT Proper. Loose CT.

consists mainly of adipocytes for cushioning & heat-loss barrier. White fat in adults, but brown fat in children w greater vascularization for energy.

65
Q

Reticular CT

A

CT Proper. Loose CT.

serves as 3-D stroma to support parenchyma of organs such as liver, spleen, lymph nodes and bone marrow. Reticular fibers serve as a platform for macrophages.

66
Q

Dense CT

A

CT Proper. packed w/collagen (collagenous tissue).

a. Dense Regular
b. Dense Irregular
c. Elastic CT

67
Q

Dense Regular CT

A

CT Proper. Dense CT.

  • fibers all aligned in one direction
    a. tendons
    b. ligaments
    c. aponeurosis
68
Q

Tendons

A

CT Proper. Dense Regular.

-connect muscle to bone.

69
Q

Ligaments

A

CT Proper. Dense Regular.

- connect bone to bone.

70
Q

Aponeurosis

A

CT Proper. Dense Regular.

- broad flat tendinous sheath

71
Q

Dense Irregular.

A

CT Proper. Dense CT.

  • interwoven fiber in all different directions
    a. capsules
    b. periosteum
    c. perichondrium
72
Q

Capsules

A

CT Proper. Dense Irregular.

- that surround organs or joints

73
Q

Periosteum

A

CT Proper. Dense Irregular.

- that surround bone tissue (except at a joint)

74
Q

Perichondrium

A

CT Proper. Dense Irregular.

- that surround cartilage

75
Q

Elastic CT

A

dense array of fibers but majority are elastic (eg- Ligamentum Flavum of spinal column).

76
Q

Fluid CT

A

both blood & lymph which have liquid matrix w/o insoluble fiber.

a. Blood
b. Lymph

77
Q

Blood

A

Fluid CT

- has a matrix of Plasma (55% of blood) and cells called Formed Elements(45%).

78
Q

Formed Elements

A

Fluid CT. Blood. 45%.

  • RBCs/erythrocytes
  • WBCs/leukocytes
  • platelets/thrombocytes
79
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Fluid CT. Blood. Formed Elements.

  • most common cell and functions to carry O2.
  • RBCs
80
Q

Leukocytes

A

Fluid CT. Blood. Formed Elements.

  • WBCs
  • function as body defense system. Consists of neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils & basophils.
81
Q

Thrombocytes

A

Fluid CT. Blood. Formed Elements.

  • Platelets
  • Are fragments of megakaryocytes of the bone marrow and function to provide enzymes for clotting
82
Q

Lymph

A

Fluid CT.

  • matrix like plasma, but less protein. Contains the majority of lymphocytes.
    a. Specific Immune System: lymphocytes can respond to specific antigens
    b. Return interstitial fluid back to the circulatory system.
83
Q

Supportive CT.

A

Strong matrix with numerous fibers designed to support & protect. Can handle physical loads with permanent deformation.

a. cartilage
b. bone

84
Q

Cartilage Characteristics

A 
Supportive CT. 
Characteristics:
a. Gel like matrix
b. Chondrocytes
c. Avascular and Aneural
d. perichondrium
e. growth
85
Q

Gel like matrix

A

Found in cartilage.

- Chondroitin Sulfate is the main GAG

86
Q

Chondrocytes

A

Main cell of cartilage, as chondroblast lays down cartilaginous matrix, these cells mature into chondrocytes trapped in spaces called lacunae.

87
Q

Avascular/Aneural

A

Cartilage.

-nutrients & waste products must diffuse through matrix, so slow to heal.

88
Q

Perichondrium

A

Cartilage.

  • double layer
    i. outer later of dense regular CT.
    ii. inner cellular layer consists of chondroblast for growth and maintenance
89
Q

Growth

A

Cartilage.
-typically growth occurs only during childhood development.
Interstitial growth or appositional growth

90
Q

Interstitial Growth

A

chondrocytes divide increasing length of cartilage.

91
Q

Appositional Growth

A

chondroblasts from inner layer of perichondrium divide increasing the width of cartilage. Cartilage widens if increased amounts of growth hormone after growth has halted.

92
Q

Classification of Cartilage

A
  1. Hyaline Cartilage
  2. Elastic Cartilage
  3. Fibrocartilage
93
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A
  • most common form of cartilage.
  • Articular Cartilage
  • Between ribs and sternum
  • Maintaining patency of respiratory tract
94
Q

Articular Cartilage

A
  • covering opposing boney surfaces w/in moveable joints. Articular cartilage is not covered w/perichondrium.
95
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A

mainly elastic fibers, seen in epiglottis & ear lobes.

96
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

strongest cartilage of interwoven collagen fibers. Serves as padding (shock-absorption) of Intervertebral Discs,meniscus of knee joint & Pubic Symphysis.

97
Q

Bone

A

Ossified (mineralized) matrix so offers rigidity for weight-bearing.

98
Q

Bone Characteristics

A

a. boney matrix
b. osteocytes
c. periosteum

99
Q

Osteoid Matrix

A

consists of collagen fibers (tensile strength & flexibility) & calcium salts (withstand deformation w/compression).

100
Q

Osteocytes

A
  • Osteoblasts lay down matrix and mature into osteocytes trapped w/in lacunae and communicate w/each other and blood supply through canaliculi.
  • Osteocytes maintain blood supply and remain metabolically active throughout life.
  • Can not divide like chondrocytes, so NO INTERSTITIAL GROWTH. Bones increase in length owing to cartilaginous growth plate
101
Q

Periosteum

A

two layers:

  • Outer fibrous layer of Dense Irregular CT
  • Inner cellular layer: contains osteoblasts which can lay down osteoid matrix resulting in a widening of bone referred to as Appositional growth.
102
Q

Membranes

A

consists of epithelium with underlying CT & serve to line or cover body surfaces

  1. Serous Membranes
  2. Cutaneous Membranes
  3. Synovial Membranes
  4. Mucous Membranes
103
Q

Serous Membranes

A
  • mesothelium includes visceral & parietal layers as Pleura, Pericardium & Peritoneum and consists of simple squamous on a thin layer of areolar CT. Epithelial layer secretes serous fluid to diminish friction between body surfaces.
104
Q

Cutaneous Membranes

A

Skin.
- covers body surface consisting of stratified keratinized squamous offering a water-resistant barrier overlying areolar CT which is reinforced by a deeper layer of dense irregular CT.

105
Q

Synovial Membranes

A
  • entirely from CT, it does not have an exposed surface, but is found w/in moveable (synovial) joints and contains specialized CT cells called synoviocytes which secrete synovial fluid to bath & nourish hyaline cartilage covering the boney surface.
106
Q

Mucous Membranes

A
  • lines passageways that communicate with the external environment (eg- digestive, urinary, reproductive & respiratory tracts). Epithelium sits on areolar CT referred to as a Lamina Propria.
107
Q

Fasciae

A

Connective tissue is wrapped around the body in a Framework referred to as fasciae which provides strength & stability, maintains organ position & serves as a route for blood and nerve supply.
Several fascial planes:
1. Superficial Fascia (Subcutaneous Layer)
2. Deep Fascia
3. Subserous Fascia

108
Q

Superficial Fascia (Subcutaneous Layer)

A

between skin and underlying organs composed of areolar CT and adipose.

109
Q

Deep Fascia

A

Strong fibrous dense CT serving as capsules, periosteum, perichondrium, tendons & ligaments.

110
Q

Subserous Fascia

A

a layer of areolar CT between deep fascia and serous membranes which line the body cavities. Protects delicate serous tissue from muscular activity.

111
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

are specialized tissue for contraction to provide tension or movement.

  1. Skeletal (striated or voluntary) Muscle
  2. Smooth (Visceral or involuntary)
  3. Cardiac
112
Q

Skeletal (striated or voluntary) Muscle

A
  • Muscle fibers are large, multinucleated cells in periphery
  • Striations: due to pattern of cytoskeletal fibers actin & myosin
  • Actin & Myosin bind and slide over one another to shorten the fiber.
  • Collagen & elastin framework blend muscle fibers into tendons or aponeurosis.
  • Amitotic: fiber cannot divide. Satellite cells may differentiate into muscle for repair.
113
Q

Smooth (Visceral or involuntary)

A
  • found in blood vessels and organs
  • Small spindle shaped w/single central nuclei, exists in sheets.
  • No Striations: actin and myosin do not exist in pattern, but still shorten muscle.
  • Mitotically active: so readily regenerates and repairs.
114
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

-found in heart & is involuntary control but is striated.
- Cardiocytes
Striations: have repetitive arrangement of actin & Myosin
- Branching of fiber: in order to contact many other cardiocytes.
- Intercalated discs
i. Desmosomes & intercellular cement
ii. Gap Junctions

115
Q

Cardiocytes

A

are cardiac muscle cells which have one nuclei

116
Q

Intercalated Discs

A

are the attachments between cardiocytes which allow for nearly all the cardiocytes to contract in unison…described as a functional syncytium.

117
Q

Desmosomes and intercellular cement

A

hold cells together at intercalated discs.

118
Q

Gap Junctions

A

allow for spread of wave of depolarization through cells at disc.

119
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

functions as messaging system by conducting electrical impulses.

a. Neurons
b. Neuroglia

120
Q

Neurons

A

functional unit of neural tissue which conducts electrical impulses

a. cell body/soma
b. dendrites
c. axons

121
Q

Soma

A

Cell body. Where neurotransmitters are manufactured so contain large nucleus & prominent nucleolus.

122
Q

Dendrites

A

Branches emerging from cell body which receive information from receptors or other neurons.

123
Q

Axons

A

One axon emerges from the cell body which functions to conduct information to other cells. Often referred to as nerve fibers.

124
Q

Neuroglia

A

cells which physically & nutritionally support neurons. Protect neuronal environment & help with neuron growth & repair.

125
Q

Tissue Regeneration/Repair

A

Tissue/Cell damage leads to increased levels of intracellular substances (K+ & prostaglandins) in the intracellular environment which leades to inflammation. Inflammation is followed by a process of regeneration.

126
Q

Inflammatory Process

A

initiated by histamines dilating local capillaries and bringing in WBC’s. Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatories (NSAID’s) reverse inflammatory symptom:

a. Rubor
b. Calor
c. Tumor
d. Dolor

127
Q

Rubor

A

redness from increased blood

128
Q

Calor

A

heat from increased blood

129
Q

Tumor

A

swelling from increased blood

130
Q

Dolor

A

Pain from chemicals & pressure

131
Q

Regeneration

A

replacing damaged tissue & breaching injury gap. All regeneration begins with fibroblasts laying down new collagen matrix (granulation tissue).

132
Q

First Intention Healing

A

mitotically active tissue replaced damaged cells with like cells. Epithelial cells utilize granulation tissue as a healing platform on which to breach the gap.

133
Q

Second Intention Healing

A

typically from amitotic tissues in which the injured gap is filled with granulation tissue & fibrosis (scarring) rendering the tissue less functional. Note: Nervous tissue and Cardiac & Skeletal Muscle tissue is amitotic and heals by fibrosis.

134
Q

Aging

A

as cells die there is an incomplete regeneration resulting in tissue changes. Weaker matrix of CT and bones become osteoporotic. The immune system declines so more susceptible to invading pathogens & cancers.

BIO 170 (9 decks)

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