Chapters 1-3 Flashcards
Social Scientific Approach
(or functionalist)
-quantative methods
-objective reality
-Identity/identities is/are created through group membership
-“culture influences communication”
-views culture as a measurable varible and focuses on cultural variations & how they can predict communication/human behavior
Interpretive Approach
-qualatative methods
-subjective reality
-Identity is formed through communication with others
-“culture influences communication but communication creates & maintains culture”
-communication is not easily predicted because relationships, life experiences, and other contextual factors effect human behavior
Critical Approach
-qualatative methods
-subjective reality
-identity is shaped through social & historical forces
-“communication reshapes culture”
-Focus on macro-contexts
Cultural / Individual
Culture-wide behaviors beliefs / individual, unique behaviors
Personal / Contextual
(formality)
communicating as “you” or as normal / communicating in a periticular social role
You communicate a certain way out of context, & a slightly altered way in context, like as a student in a class room
Differences / Similarities
how one is different / how one is the same as someone culturally distinct
Used to compare a Japanese vs a Canadian or a man vs a woman
Static / Dynamic
unchanging, static elements of culture / dynamic elements of culture
Anti-immigration in the US but hostility agaisnt Irish & Italians has largely disappeared
Priviledge / Disadvantage
priviledged in some contexts vs disadvantaged in others
Black english speaking man has more privilage when competing for a job against black women who cannot speak english but disadvantaged when competing against white english speaking men
History/Past-Present/Future
history can have a great affect of on communication / awareness of contemporary realities and forces
White americans people don’t own slaves now but the history of slavery still greatly affects life for Black Americans
Value Orientations
Orientation to Time
is the future or past prioritized?
Power Distence
Less hierarchy better (low power distance) or more hierarchy better (high power distance)
Uncertainty Avoidence
Dislike of rules, dissent is accepted, open to change, less formality (low) vs More excessive rules, dissent is limited, generally less open to change, more formality (high)
Femininity-Masculinity
Femininity: Fewer gender roles, value quality of life, & support provided for the unfortunate
Masculinity: More/stronger gender roles, value achievement, ambition, & acquisition of material goods
Long-Short Term Orientation
Value quick results (short term) vs value perseverance and tenacity and focus on long-term results/rewards (long term)
Indulgence-Restraint
Relatively free gratification of needs related enjoying life and having fun, freedom of speech over maintaining order (Indulgence) vs Suppression and regulation of needs related to enjoying life and having fun, order is prioritized over freedom of speech (Restraint)
Value orientations
Generally exclusively one or the other within a cultural group such as a religion or country
Dialectics
Both opposites exist simultaneously to different degrees
