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Greek and Latin Roots > Chapters 1 & 2 > Flashcards

Chapters 1 & 2 Flashcards

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Latin flashcards
1
Q

Where did the Roman Empire extend in the second century CE?

A

Euphrates River in the east, Britain in the West, everywhere in Europe, and North Africa

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2
Q

Why did everyone have to know at least a little Latin in the earliest centuries?

A

Because the Romans were conquering almost everything

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3
Q

When did the Germanic (more specifically the Anglo-Saxon) tribe become the dominant political and linguistic power in Europe?

A

After they invaded the southern parts of Britain in 449 CE. Latin had all but disappeared as a spoken language

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4
Q

When were the Anglo-Saxons converted to Christianity? Why is this important?

A

597 CE. Latin was reintroduced as the language of the Church

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5
Q

What language derived from the Anglo-Saxons at the time Latin became the language of the Church?

A

Old English (i.e. Beowulf)

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6
Q

What date did William the Conquerer become the King of England and Normandy? Who did he defeat?

A

1066 CE. He defeated Harold.

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7
Q

What was the new class William brought in with his reign?

A

French-speaking Normans

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8
Q

What was the language of the government for 150 years after 1066 CE?

A

French

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9
Q

Deterioration between France and England caused English to become increasingly an expression of nationalism. Because of this, what languages started to mix together to form a newer form of English? What was this newly evolved language called?

A

French, Latin based language or directly Latin. It was called Middle English

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10
Q

What was the single greatest influence on the formation of Modern English?

A

The printing press

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11
Q

What happened to the Modern English language because of the printing press?

A

The standardization of spelling, usage, and pronunciation, growth of literacy, increased the number of schools

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12
Q

Vernacular

A

The language that is native to a country, but is also a term to describe ordinary, or everyday, language as opposed to literary language and expression

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13
Q

Englishmen though that adding new vocabulary made them sound more sophisticated. What languages did they use?

A

These new vocabulary words would also contain mostly Latin and Greek

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14
Q

Lexicography

A

The practice of compiling dictionaries

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15
Q

What was the first permanent English-speaking settlement?

A

Jamestown, Virginia 1607

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16
Q

Creole

A

A language that has been formed by the mixing of two or more “parent” languages and that as become the first language of a community.

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17
Q

Anglicized

A

Made to conform to specific English forms and patterns

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18
Q

Etymology

A

The study of the history of a particular word; the derivation or origin of a word

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19
Q

Lexicon

A

A dictionary

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20
Q

Linguistics

A

The science of language, including history, formation, and structures of languages

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21
Q

Orthography

A

Correct spelling

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22
Q

Philolgy

A

The study of written records; linguistics

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23
Q

Phonology

A

The science of speech sounds, speech elements, and pronunciation

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24
Q

Sematics

A

The study of linguistic meaning and form

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25
Q

Syntax

A

The rules or patterns of the formation of sentences

26
Q

Branches of the Indo-European family

A

Indic, Iranian, Italic, Hellenic, Germanic, Batlo-Slavonic, Celtic

27
Q

What are the languages that derive from Indic?

A

Hindi, Bengali, Gujarati, Marathi, Oriya, Punjabi, Romany, Sinhalese, Urdu, Sanskrit

28
Q

What are the languages that derive from Iranian?

A

Baluchi, Kurdish, Pashto, Farsi (Persian). Avestan

29
Q

What are the languages that derive from Hellenic?

A

Ancient Greek > Medieval Greek > Modern Greek

30
Q

What are the languages that derive from Germanic?

A

German, Danish, Norwegian, Swedish, Flemish, Yiddish, Icelandic, Dutch, Afrikaans
Anglo-Saxon (Old English) > Middle English > English

31
Q

What are the languages that derive from Balto-Slavonic?

A

Russian, Belorussian, Latvia, Lithuanian, Czech, Polish, Slovak, Slovene

32
Q

What are the languages that derive from Celtic?

A

Breton, Gaelic, Irish, Scots, Welsh, Mans, Cornish

33
Q

lingua franca

A

any language that is used as a means of communications among speakers of different languages that are mutually incomprehensible

34
Q

Where are most languages belonging the Sino-Tibetan branch spoken?

A

China

35
Q

How many varieties of Chinese are there? And how are they all united?

A
  1. By a common writing system.
36
Q

There are 300 languages in the Tibeto-Buman branch, spoken in parts of where?

A

Burma, Tibet, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos

37
Q

There are over 250 languages Afro-Asiatic (Hamito-Semetic). Where are they spoken?

A

North Africa, Southwest Asia, Amharic, Hausa

38
Q

What are the major branches of the Human Languages?

A

Sino-Tibetan, Afro-Asiatic, Austro-Asiatic Dravidian, Niger-Congo, Uralic, Altaic, Caucasian, and North and South American Languages

39
Q

What do the Semitic languages include?

A

Arabic, Hebrew, and languages of the Ancient Near East

40
Q

What is the largest branch of the Austro-Asiatic branch? Where is it mostly spoken?

A

Mount-Kemr. Vietnam, Laos, Combodia, and parts of Burma and Malayaisa

41
Q

Where are the three branches of Austro-Asiatic spread across?

A

Southeast Asia

42
Q

Dravidian is composed of more than 70 languages and is spoken by 23 million people. Where is it spoken?

A

Throughout Southern India, Eastern India and Southern and Eastern regions of Africa.

43
Q

What is the most diffused language of Dravidian? Where is it spoken?

A

Tamil. There are speakers in India, Pakistan, Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Indian and South Pacific Oceans

44
Q

There are 1,000 to 3,000 languages spoken in Africa by 4 million people. Niger-Congo encompasses about a thousand languages and several thousand dialects. Within this family, there are approximately 700 languages belonging to what branch? What type of language does it include? Where is it spoken?

A

Benue-Congo. Bantu languages are spoken in Swahili, Rwanda, Khongo, Xhosa, and Zulu

45
Q

What two languages are often used as lingua franca throughout Africa?

A

Swahili and Arabic

46
Q

What and where are the two branches of the Uralic language spoken in?

A

Fino-Urgic is spoken throghout Central and Northern Europe and Samoydic is spoken in Siberia and the Arctic

47
Q

What are the languages of Uralic? (Fino-Urgic)

A

Finnish, Estonian, Hungarian, Lapp

48
Q

Where is the geographic distribution of Altaic?

A

Balken Peninsula and Central Asia

49
Q

What are the 3 groups from which 40 languages of the Altaic branch are divided into?

A

Turkic, Mongolian, Manchu

50
Q

The region of the Caucus Mounts between the Capsian and Black seas contains the highest concentration of languages in the world. More than 20 different languages are spoken there, especially what language? What language is the vocabulary heavily influenced by?

A

Georgian. Russian

51
Q

When Europeans arrived, there were 300 languages spoken by the indigenous inhabitants of North America. Half of these have disappeared leaving fewer than 300, 000 speakers. There are approximately 11 million speakers of the Amerindians, where? What is Quecha the official language of?

A

South and Central America. Quecha was the official language of the Incas.

52
Q

Anglo-Saxon is a synonym for which language?

A

Old English

53
Q

What event introduced a Latin based vocabulary into English?

A

The Roman Occupation of Britain (First Century - 410 CE)

54
Q

Who wrote the Canterbury Tales? To which period of English does it belong?

A

Geoffrey Chaucer. The Anglo Saxon and Old English Period

55
Q

List the periods of english from the first century till now?

A 
The Roman Occupation of Britain
The Anglo-Saxon and Old English
Middle English
Modern English
American English
Westward Expansion
Since the Civil War
56
Q

Who was Dr. Samuel Johnson?

A

Wrote “A Dictionary of the English Language” in 1755

57
Q

Who was James Murray?

A

He wrote the “Oxford English dictionary”

58
Q

Who was Noah Webster?

A

He wrote “An American Dictionary of the English Language” in 1838

59
Q

What languages derived from Italic?

A

Latin>

French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Romanian

60
Q

appetite

A

Latin verb

appeto

61
Q

apple

A

Old English: apricock
Portuguese: albricoque
Arabic: al birquq
Latin: praecoquum

Greek and Latin Roots (15 decks)

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