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anatomy final > chapter17 part2 p572-4 > Flashcards

chapter17 part2 p572-4 Flashcards

0
Q

what two small pores drain the lacrimal lake?

A

lacrimal puncta

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1
Q

tears accumulate at the medial canthus in an area known as

A

lacrimal lake

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2
Q

The tears from lacrimal lake drain in to

A

lacrimal canaliculi

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3
Q

lacrimal canaliculi leads to

A

lcarimal sac

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4
Q

which duct delivers tears from lacrimal sac? to where?

A

nasolacrimal duct, nasal cavity on that side

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5
Q

The nasolacrimal duct empties into

A

inferior meatus

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6
Q

narrow passageway inferior and lateral to the inferior nasal concha

A

inferior meatus

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7
Q

tears stream across face when

A

lacrimal puncta can’t provide neough drainage

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8
Q

what cushions and insulates the eye?

A

orbital fat

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9
Q

name 3 distinct layers in the wall of the eye

A
  1. outer fibrous layer
  2. intermediate vascular layer/uvea
  3. deep inner layer/retina
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10
Q

The wall of the eyes was formerly called

A

tunics

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11
Q

other name for visual receptors

A

photoreceptors

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12
Q

eyeball is filled with

A

fluid

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13
Q

eyeball cavities can be divided into what 2 cavities?

A

anterior and posterior

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14
Q

anterior cavity has which 2 chambers and where are they located

A

anterior chamber- between cornea and colored iris

posterior chamber - between iris and lens

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15
Q

anterior cavity is filled with

A

aqueous humor

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16
Q

other name for posterior cavity

A

vitreous chamber

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17
Q

posterior cavity contains

A

vitreous body

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18
Q

describe vitreous body

A

gelatinous substance

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19
Q

describe aqueous humor

A

clear, watery fluid

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20
Q

fluid part of vitreous body is called

A

vitreous humor

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21
Q

What is a function of the vitreous body and aqueous humor?

A

stabilization of shape of the eye

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22
Q

the outermost layer of the eye is called

A

fibrous layer

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23
Q

2 components of the fibrous layer are

A

sclera and cornea

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24
Q

what are the 3 functions of the fibrous layer

A
  1. support and protect
  2. serve as attachment site for extrinsic eye muscles
  3. contains structures that assist in focusing
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25
Q

white of the eye

A

sclera

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26
Q

The sclera consists of a dense fibrous connective tissue containing what 2 components?

A

collagen and elastic fibers

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27
Q

The sclera layer is thickest at what part

A

posterior surface of the eye, near the exit of the optic nerve

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28
Q

which part is the sclera the thinnest?

A

anterior surface

29
Q

the 6 extrinsic eye muscles insert on the sclera blending their ________ with those of the __________ layer

A

collagen fibers, fibrous layer

30
Q

The surface of the sclera contains __________ and _________ that penetrate the sclera to reach the internal structures

A

small blood vessels and nerves

31
Q

The transparent __________ is structurally continuous with the sclera

A

cornea

32
Q

What is the corneal limbus

A

border between transparent cornea and sclera

33
Q

Deep to the corneal epithelium, cornea consists primarily of dense matrix containing multiple layers of ___________

A

collagen fibers

34
Q

deep in corneal epithelium, how are the multiple layers of collagen fibers organized

A

to not interfere with the passage of light

35
Q

Cornea has no _________

A

blood vessels

36
Q

How does cornea obtain oxygen and nutrients?

A

diffusion from the tears that flow across the surfaces

37
Q

What is the most sensitive portion of the eye and why?

A

cornea - numerous free nerve endings

38
Q

corneal ability to repair itself is

A

restricted- injuries must be treated immediately

39
Q

Most common form of transplant surgery

A

corneal transplant

40
Q

why can corneal transplant happen between unrelated individuals?

A

no blood vessels to carry white blood cells

41
Q

pigmented region of the eye that includes 3 components = name the region and the 3 components

A

vascular layer/uvea

contains iris, ciliary body, choroid

42
Q

Name 3 tissue structures included in the vascular layer/uvea

A
  1. blood vessels
  2. lymphatic vessels
  3. intrinsic/smooth muscles of the eye
43
Q

Name 4 functions of the vascular layer/uvea

A
  1. provide route for blood vessels and lymphatics that supply tissues of the eye
  2. regulate the amount of light that enters the eye
  3. secretes and reabsorbs the aqueous humor that circulates within the chambers of the eye
  4. controls the shape of the lense- part of focusing
44
Q

lris contains which types of tissue/cells? (3)

A
  1. blood vessels
  2. pigment cells
  3. 2 layers of smooth muscle fibers
45
Q

What are the 2 layers of smooth muscle fibers called in the iris?

A

pupillary muscles

46
Q

What do the pupillary muslces control?

A

contract- change diameter of the pupil.

47
Q

central opening of the iris is

A

pupil

48
Q

What are the 2 types of pupillary muscles?

A

dilators and constrictors

49
Q

Which nervous system controls the 2 pupillary muscle groups?

A

autonomic nervous system

50
Q

parasympathetic activation causes what in pupils- this is called what

A

contriction, consensual light reflex

51
Q

sympathetic activation of the pupils cause what?

A

dilation of the pupils

52
Q

body of the iris consists of what type of tissue?

A

highly vascular, pigmented, loose connective tissue

53
Q

which part of the iris has no epithelial covering?

A

anterior surface

54
Q

The anterior surface of the iris is covered by what?

A

incomplete layer of fibroblasts and melanocytes

55
Q

What is scattered within the body of the iris?

A

melanocytes

56
Q

What is the posterior surface of iris covered by?

A

pigmented epithelium that is part of the inner layer and contains melanin granules

57
Q

disease of the retina

A

retinopathy

58
Q

what develops in many people with diabetes mellitus

A

diabetic retinopathy

59
Q

leading cause of blindness in US

A

ldiabetic retinoathy

60
Q

diabetic retinopathy results from

A

blockage of small retinal blood vessels, followed by excessive growh of abnormal blood vessels

61
Q

What do the growth of abnormal blood vessels do in diabetic retinopathy?i

A

they invade the retina/inner layer and extend into the space between its 2 parts - outer pigmented part and inner neural part, causing loss of visual acuity from the damage to photoreceptors that are deprived of oxygen and nutrients.
the blood leaks into posterior cavity

62
Q

What is a possible treatment for the vessel growth in diabetic retinopathy?

A

laser therapy0 seal leaking vessels and block new vessel growth. The posterior cavity can be drained and the cloudy fluid replaced by clear substitute= vitrectomy

63
Q

Where do photoreceptors get oxygen and nutreints from?

A

Blood vessels in the choroid- diffusion

64
Q

What is a detached retina?

A

neural part of the retina becomes separated from the pigmented part

65
Q

What are possible causes of detached retina?

A

sudden hard impact to the eye

66
Q

What is a possible treatment for detached retina?

A

welding parts together with laser beams focused through cornea- heat and fuse 2 parts together - produce permanent blind spots

67
Q

What makes eyes blue?

A

connective tissue of the iris contains few melanocytes- light passes through it and bounces off the pigmented epithelium

68
Q

What makes green, brown, black eyes?

A

increasing numbers of melanocytes in the body and surface of the iris

69
Q

Genes determining eye color affect which parts of the body?

A

anterior surface and interior of the iris

density of the pigmented epithelium

anatomy final (11 decks)

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