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FInal > Chapter14 > Flashcards

Chapter14 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the CNS?

A

-Brain and spinal Cords

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2
Q

What are the components of the PNS?

A
  • Cranial and spinal Nerves
  • Sensory neurons
  • Neuromuscular junctions
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3
Q

What are some characteristics of the Brain?

A
  • Communication and control center of the body
  • Receives, processes, evaluates inputs
  • decides which action to be taken
  • Initiates Response
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4
Q

Dura mater (Meninges)

A
  • Outer Layer (Closest to the bone)

- Subdural space (Under the Dura mater)

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5
Q

Arachnoid (Meninges)

A
  • Middle layer (spider web shaped layer)
  • Subarachnoid space contains cerebrospinal fluid
  • mixed with blood and CSF to supply to the brain
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6
Q

Pia Mater (Meninges)

A
  • Adheres to the surface of the brain

- contains a large number of blood vessels

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of CSF?

A
  • Provides cushion for the brain and spinal cord
  • Flows through ventricles into subarachnoid space
  • Formed constantly by choroid plexuses of the ventricles
  • Equals amounts of CSF need to be produced and reabsorbed to maintain intracranial pressure
  • 25 mL in the ventriclels
  • 150 mL overall
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8
Q

What level the vertebrae ends?

A

L1

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9
Q

What level of the vertebrae do they apply spinal tap shots?

A

L4-L5

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10
Q

What is the Blood-brain barrier?

A
  • Limits passage of materials of the brain
  • Controls balance of electrolytes, glucose, and proteins in the brain
  • Lipid soluble substances can easily pass
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11
Q

What is the blood-CSF barrier?

A
  • located at the choroid plexus

- controls constituents of CSF

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12
Q

What is prefrontal Cortex?

A

Coordinates complex cognitive behavior

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13
Q

What is basal Nuclei?

A
  • Part of the extrapyramidal system

- control and coordination of skeletal muscle

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14
Q

What is the limbic system?

A

consists of many nuclei and connecting fibers

-responsible for emotional reactions or feelings

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15
Q

what is the Diencephalon?

A
  • Central portions of the brain
  • Thalamus
  • Hypothalamus
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16
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A
  • Key role in maintain homeostasis of the body

- control ANS and much of the endocrine system

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17
Q

What is the Brainstem?

A
  • Connecting link to spinal cord
  • contains the pons:bundle of afferent and efferent fibers
  • contains medulla oblongata
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18
Q

What is the Medulla oblongata?

A

control center for respiratory and cardiovascular function

  • coordination of cough refle, swallowing, vomiting
  • nuclei for several cranial nerves
  • Reticular formation, reticular activating system (RAS)
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19
Q

What is the Cerebellum?

A

Dorsal to pons and medulla

-contains half of the neurons

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20
Q

What are the common vessels that are effected by strokes?

A

-Common carotid arteries.

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21
Q

What is the blood supplies to the brain?

A

-Internal carotid and vertbral artieries
-anterior cerebral artery
middle cerebral artery
-Basilar artery

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22
Q

what lobe does the anterior cerebral artery supply?

A

supplies frontal lobe

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23
Q

what lobe does the middle cerebral artery supply

A

supplies the lateral lobes

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24
Q

What does the basil artery supply?

A

the Brainstem and cerebellum

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25
Q

What are Neurons?

A

-Non-mitotic cells, non-dividing
-Conduct impulses thourgh CNS and PNS
Requries glucose and oxygen

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26
Q

What is Glial Cells?

A

Supportive cells

-Read slide 34

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27
Q

What are Schwann cells?

A

-Provide myelin sheaths for Axons in the PNS

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28
Q

Why does the axons regenerate in the PNS?

A

because of the schwann cells

29
Q

What is ANS?

A

-sympathetic and Parasympathetic system

30
Q

what are Supratentorial lesions?

A

-Occurs in the cerebral hemisphere about the tentorium cerebelli

31
Q

What are infratentorial lesions?

A

-located in the brainstem or below the tentorium.

32
Q

What happens with left hemisphere damage?

A

loss of logical thinking ability, analytical skills, other intellectualabilities, communications

33
Q

what happens with right hemisphere damage?

A
  • impairs appreciation of music and art

- causes behavioral problems

34
Q

Define Vegetative State?

A

Loss of awareness and metal capabilities.

35
Q

What is the criteria for brain death?

A
  • Cessaion of brain function

- abesence of brainstem reflexes or responses

36
Q

What occurs with damage to the upper motor neurons?

A

intereference with voluntary movements

-weakness or paralysis on the contralateral side

37
Q

What occurs with damage to the lower motor neurons?

A

weakness or paralysis on the same side of the body

38
Q

What is Hemianopia?

A

Depends on side of damage in visual pathway.

  • visual loss
  • optic chiasm damage
  • optic tract or occipital lobe damage
39
Q

define Aphasia

A

Iniability to comprehend or express language

40
Q

define dysarthria

A
  • Motor syfunction affecting muscles used in speech.

- words cannot be articulate clearly

41
Q

define Agraphia

A

-Impaired writing ability

42
Q

Defined Alexia

A

impaired reading ability

43
Q

define angnosia

A

-Loss of recognition or association

44
Q

Define seizures

A
  • Caused by spontaneous, excessive discharge of neurons in the brain.
  • Causes: inflammation,hypoxia, and bleeding in the brain
45
Q

What happens during Intracranial pressure?

A

Increaesd CSF pressure causes pressure on the optic disc

-

46
Q

What causes Papilledema?

A

Caused by increased ICP and welling of the optic disc

47
Q

What are brain tumors?

A

Space occupying lesions that caused increased ICP.

-Benign and malignant tumors can be life threatening

48
Q

What are the largest category if primary malignant tumors?

A

Gliomas

49
Q

What causes Transient ischemic attacks?

A

results from temporary localized reduction of blood flow in the brain

50
Q

what is a stroke?

A

-CVA, an infarction of brain tissue that results from lack of blood.
5 min. of ischemia causes irreversible nervce cell damage

51
Q

Types of CVAs?

A
  • occulsion of an artery by an atheroma
  • sudden obstruction caused by en embolus
  • intracerebral hemorrhage
52
Q

What can help determine the cause of a stroke?

A

MRI

53
Q

What is Cerebral Aneurysms?

A
  • Localized weakness in the wall of an artery

- Cerebral aneurysms frequently multiple.

54
Q

Cerebral Aneurysms S/S

A
  • Loss of visual field or visual disturbances

- headache and photophobie

55
Q

What age group does infections effect?

A

Different age groups are susceptible to infection by different causative organisms

56
Q

What is a brain Abcess?

A
  • Local infection

- Usually necrosis of brain tissue and surroudning area of edema.

57
Q

What is Encephalitis?

A

Infection of the parenchymal or connective tissue in the brain and spinal cord

  • infection may include meninges
  • usually of viral origin
58
Q

What are early sign of Encephalitis?

A

Severe headaches- stiff neck, lethargy, vomiting, seizures, and fever

59
Q

What occurs during head injuries?

A

Bruising of the tissue

  • destruction of brain tissue
  • massive swelling of the brain
60
Q

What is a concussion?

A

reversible interference with brain function

reuslts of mild blow to the head or whiplash type injury

61
Q

What is a contusion

A

-Bruising of brain tissue, rupture of small blood vessels and edema

62
Q

Define seizure disorders

A

Uncontrolled, excessive discharge of neurons in the brain.

-May be localized or generalized

63
Q

What is hydrocephalus?

A

Excess CSF accumulates in the skull.

64
Q

What are the two types of hydrocephalus?

A
  • Non communicating or obstructive hydrocephalus

- communicating hydrocephalus

65
Q

What is Parkinsons Disease?

A
  • Progressive degenerative disorder

- dysfunction of the extrapyramidal motor system.

66
Q

What is Myasthenia Gravis?

A

Autoimmune disorder

-AUtoantibodies to ACH receptors forms

67
Q

What is depression?

A

A common problem and often occurs in clients with chronic illness
-Classified as mood disorders with reversal subgroups

68
Q

Characteristics of depression?

A

Results from decreased activity by excitatory neurotransmitters
-indicated by prolonged period of unfounded sadness

FInal (10 decks)

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