Chapter14 Flashcards
What are the components of the CNS?
-Brain and spinal Cords
What are the components of the PNS?
- Cranial and spinal Nerves
- Sensory neurons
- Neuromuscular junctions
What are some characteristics of the Brain?
- Communication and control center of the body
- Receives, processes, evaluates inputs
- decides which action to be taken
- Initiates Response
Dura mater (Meninges)
- Outer Layer (Closest to the bone)
- Subdural space (Under the Dura mater)
Arachnoid (Meninges)
- Middle layer (spider web shaped layer)
- Subarachnoid space contains cerebrospinal fluid
- mixed with blood and CSF to supply to the brain
Pia Mater (Meninges)
- Adheres to the surface of the brain
- contains a large number of blood vessels
What are the characteristics of CSF?
- Provides cushion for the brain and spinal cord
- Flows through ventricles into subarachnoid space
- Formed constantly by choroid plexuses of the ventricles
- Equals amounts of CSF need to be produced and reabsorbed to maintain intracranial pressure
- 25 mL in the ventriclels
- 150 mL overall
What level the vertebrae ends?
L1
What level of the vertebrae do they apply spinal tap shots?
L4-L5
What is the Blood-brain barrier?
- Limits passage of materials of the brain
- Controls balance of electrolytes, glucose, and proteins in the brain
- Lipid soluble substances can easily pass
What is the blood-CSF barrier?
- located at the choroid plexus
- controls constituents of CSF
What is prefrontal Cortex?
Coordinates complex cognitive behavior
What is basal Nuclei?
- Part of the extrapyramidal system
- control and coordination of skeletal muscle
What is the limbic system?
consists of many nuclei and connecting fibers
-responsible for emotional reactions or feelings
what is the Diencephalon?
- Central portions of the brain
- Thalamus
- Hypothalamus
What is the hypothalamus?
- Key role in maintain homeostasis of the body
- control ANS and much of the endocrine system
What is the Brainstem?
- Connecting link to spinal cord
- contains the pons:bundle of afferent and efferent fibers
- contains medulla oblongata
What is the Medulla oblongata?
control center for respiratory and cardiovascular function
- coordination of cough refle, swallowing, vomiting
- nuclei for several cranial nerves
- Reticular formation, reticular activating system (RAS)
What is the Cerebellum?
Dorsal to pons and medulla
-contains half of the neurons
What are the common vessels that are effected by strokes?
-Common carotid arteries.
What is the blood supplies to the brain?
-Internal carotid and vertbral artieries
-anterior cerebral artery
middle cerebral artery
-Basilar artery
what lobe does the anterior cerebral artery supply?
supplies frontal lobe
what lobe does the middle cerebral artery supply
supplies the lateral lobes
What does the basil artery supply?
the Brainstem and cerebellum
What are Neurons?
-Non-mitotic cells, non-dividing
-Conduct impulses thourgh CNS and PNS
Requries glucose and oxygen
What is Glial Cells?
Supportive cells
-Read slide 34
What are Schwann cells?
-Provide myelin sheaths for Axons in the PNS
Why does the axons regenerate in the PNS?
because of the schwann cells
What is ANS?
-sympathetic and Parasympathetic system
what are Supratentorial lesions?
-Occurs in the cerebral hemisphere about the tentorium cerebelli
What are infratentorial lesions?
-located in the brainstem or below the tentorium.
What happens with left hemisphere damage?
loss of logical thinking ability, analytical skills, other intellectualabilities, communications
what happens with right hemisphere damage?
- impairs appreciation of music and art
- causes behavioral problems
Define Vegetative State?
Loss of awareness and metal capabilities.
What is the criteria for brain death?
- Cessaion of brain function
- abesence of brainstem reflexes or responses
What occurs with damage to the upper motor neurons?
intereference with voluntary movements
-weakness or paralysis on the contralateral side
What occurs with damage to the lower motor neurons?
weakness or paralysis on the same side of the body
What is Hemianopia?
Depends on side of damage in visual pathway.
- visual loss
- optic chiasm damage
- optic tract or occipital lobe damage
define Aphasia
Iniability to comprehend or express language
define dysarthria
- Motor syfunction affecting muscles used in speech.
- words cannot be articulate clearly
define Agraphia
-Impaired writing ability
Defined Alexia
impaired reading ability
define angnosia
-Loss of recognition or association
Define seizures
- Caused by spontaneous, excessive discharge of neurons in the brain.
- Causes: inflammation,hypoxia, and bleeding in the brain
What happens during Intracranial pressure?
Increaesd CSF pressure causes pressure on the optic disc
-
What causes Papilledema?
Caused by increased ICP and welling of the optic disc
What are brain tumors?
Space occupying lesions that caused increased ICP.
-Benign and malignant tumors can be life threatening
What are the largest category if primary malignant tumors?
Gliomas
What causes Transient ischemic attacks?
results from temporary localized reduction of blood flow in the brain
what is a stroke?
-CVA, an infarction of brain tissue that results from lack of blood.
5 min. of ischemia causes irreversible nervce cell damage
Types of CVAs?
- occulsion of an artery by an atheroma
- sudden obstruction caused by en embolus
- intracerebral hemorrhage
What can help determine the cause of a stroke?
MRI
What is Cerebral Aneurysms?
- Localized weakness in the wall of an artery
- Cerebral aneurysms frequently multiple.
Cerebral Aneurysms S/S
- Loss of visual field or visual disturbances
- headache and photophobie
What age group does infections effect?
Different age groups are susceptible to infection by different causative organisms
What is a brain Abcess?
- Local infection
- Usually necrosis of brain tissue and surroudning area of edema.
What is Encephalitis?
Infection of the parenchymal or connective tissue in the brain and spinal cord
- infection may include meninges
- usually of viral origin
What are early sign of Encephalitis?
Severe headaches- stiff neck, lethargy, vomiting, seizures, and fever
What occurs during head injuries?
Bruising of the tissue
- destruction of brain tissue
- massive swelling of the brain
What is a concussion?
reversible interference with brain function
reuslts of mild blow to the head or whiplash type injury
What is a contusion
-Bruising of brain tissue, rupture of small blood vessels and edema
Define seizure disorders
Uncontrolled, excessive discharge of neurons in the brain.
-May be localized or generalized
What is hydrocephalus?
Excess CSF accumulates in the skull.
What are the two types of hydrocephalus?
- Non communicating or obstructive hydrocephalus
- communicating hydrocephalus
What is Parkinsons Disease?
- Progressive degenerative disorder
- dysfunction of the extrapyramidal motor system.
What is Myasthenia Gravis?
Autoimmune disorder
-AUtoantibodies to ACH receptors forms
What is depression?
A common problem and often occurs in clients with chronic illness
-Classified as mood disorders with reversal subgroups
Characteristics of depression?
Results from decreased activity by excitatory neurotransmitters
-indicated by prolonged period of unfounded sadness
