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Chapter14 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the CNS?

A

-Brain and spinal Cords

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2
Q

What are the components of the PNS?

A
  • Cranial and spinal Nerves
  • Sensory neurons
  • Neuromuscular junctions
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3
Q

What are some characteristics of the Brain?

A
  • Communication and control center of the body
  • Receives, processes, evaluates inputs
  • decides which action to be taken
  • Initiates Response
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4
Q

Dura mater (Meninges)

A
  • Outer Layer (Closest to the bone)

- Subdural space (Under the Dura mater)

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5
Q

Arachnoid (Meninges)

A
  • Middle layer (spider web shaped layer)
  • Subarachnoid space contains cerebrospinal fluid
  • mixed with blood and CSF to supply to the brain
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6
Q

Pia Mater (Meninges)

A
  • Adheres to the surface of the brain

- contains a large number of blood vessels

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of CSF?

A
  • Provides cushion for the brain and spinal cord
  • Flows through ventricles into subarachnoid space
  • Formed constantly by choroid plexuses of the ventricles
  • Equals amounts of CSF need to be produced and reabsorbed to maintain intracranial pressure
  • 25 mL in the ventriclels
  • 150 mL overall
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8
Q

What level the vertebrae ends?

A

L1

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9
Q

What level of the vertebrae do they apply spinal tap shots?

A

L4-L5

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10
Q

What is the Blood-brain barrier?

A
  • Limits passage of materials of the brain
  • Controls balance of electrolytes, glucose, and proteins in the brain
  • Lipid soluble substances can easily pass
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11
Q

What is the blood-CSF barrier?

A
  • located at the choroid plexus

- controls constituents of CSF

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12
Q

What is prefrontal Cortex?

A

Coordinates complex cognitive behavior

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13
Q

What is basal Nuclei?

A
  • Part of the extrapyramidal system

- control and coordination of skeletal muscle

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14
Q

What is the limbic system?

A

consists of many nuclei and connecting fibers

-responsible for emotional reactions or feelings

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15
Q

what is the Diencephalon?

A
  • Central portions of the brain
  • Thalamus
  • Hypothalamus
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16
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A
  • Key role in maintain homeostasis of the body

- control ANS and much of the endocrine system

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17
Q

What is the Brainstem?

A
  • Connecting link to spinal cord
  • contains the pons:bundle of afferent and efferent fibers
  • contains medulla oblongata
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18
Q

What is the Medulla oblongata?

A

control center for respiratory and cardiovascular function

  • coordination of cough refle, swallowing, vomiting
  • nuclei for several cranial nerves
  • Reticular formation, reticular activating system (RAS)
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19
Q

What is the Cerebellum?

A

Dorsal to pons and medulla

-contains half of the neurons

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20
Q

What are the common vessels that are effected by strokes?

A

-Common carotid arteries.

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21
Q

What is the blood supplies to the brain?

A

-Internal carotid and vertbral artieries
-anterior cerebral artery
middle cerebral artery
-Basilar artery

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22
Q

what lobe does the anterior cerebral artery supply?

A

supplies frontal lobe

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23
Q

what lobe does the middle cerebral artery supply

A

supplies the lateral lobes

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24
Q

What does the basil artery supply?

A

the Brainstem and cerebellum

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25
What are Neurons?
-Non-mitotic cells, non-dividing -Conduct impulses thourgh CNS and PNS Requries glucose and oxygen
26
What is Glial Cells?
Supportive cells | -Read slide 34
27
What are Schwann cells?
-Provide myelin sheaths for Axons in the PNS
28
Why does the axons regenerate in the PNS?
because of the schwann cells
29
What is ANS?
-sympathetic and Parasympathetic system
30
what are Supratentorial lesions?
-Occurs in the cerebral hemisphere about the tentorium cerebelli
31
What are infratentorial lesions?
-located in the brainstem or below the tentorium.
32
What happens with left hemisphere damage?
loss of logical thinking ability, analytical skills, other intellectualabilities, communications
33
what happens with right hemisphere damage?
- impairs appreciation of music and art | - causes behavioral problems
34
Define Vegetative State?
Loss of awareness and metal capabilities.
35
What is the criteria for brain death?
- Cessaion of brain function | - abesence of brainstem reflexes or responses
36
What occurs with damage to the upper motor neurons?
intereference with voluntary movements | -weakness or paralysis on the contralateral side
37
What occurs with damage to the lower motor neurons?
weakness or paralysis on the same side of the body
38
What is Hemianopia?
Depends on side of damage in visual pathway. - visual loss - optic chiasm damage - optic tract or occipital lobe damage
39
define Aphasia
Iniability to comprehend or express language
40
define dysarthria
- Motor syfunction affecting muscles used in speech. | - words cannot be articulate clearly
41
define Agraphia
-Impaired writing ability
42
Defined Alexia
impaired reading ability
43
define angnosia
-Loss of recognition or association
44
Define seizures
- Caused by spontaneous, excessive discharge of neurons in the brain. - Causes: inflammation,hypoxia, and bleeding in the brain
45
What happens during Intracranial pressure?
Increaesd CSF pressure causes pressure on the optic disc | -
46
What causes Papilledema?
Caused by increased ICP and welling of the optic disc
47
What are brain tumors?
Space occupying lesions that caused increased ICP. | -Benign and malignant tumors can be life threatening
48
What are the largest category if primary malignant tumors?
Gliomas
49
What causes Transient ischemic attacks?
results from temporary localized reduction of blood flow in the brain
50
what is a stroke?
-CVA, an infarction of brain tissue that results from lack of blood. 5 min. of ischemia causes irreversible nervce cell damage
51
Types of CVAs?
- occulsion of an artery by an atheroma - sudden obstruction caused by en embolus - intracerebral hemorrhage
52
What can help determine the cause of a stroke?
MRI
53
What is Cerebral Aneurysms?
- Localized weakness in the wall of an artery | - Cerebral aneurysms frequently multiple.
54
Cerebral Aneurysms S/S
- Loss of visual field or visual disturbances | - headache and photophobie
55
What age group does infections effect?
Different age groups are susceptible to infection by different causative organisms
56
What is a brain Abcess?
- Local infection | - Usually necrosis of brain tissue and surroudning area of edema.
57
What is Encephalitis?
Infection of the parenchymal or connective tissue in the brain and spinal cord - infection may include meninges - usually of viral origin
58
What are early sign of Encephalitis?
Severe headaches- stiff neck, lethargy, vomiting, seizures, and fever
59
What occurs during head injuries?
Bruising of the tissue - destruction of brain tissue - massive swelling of the brain
60
What is a concussion?
reversible interference with brain function | reuslts of mild blow to the head or whiplash type injury
61
What is a contusion
-Bruising of brain tissue, rupture of small blood vessels and edema
62
Define seizure disorders
Uncontrolled, excessive discharge of neurons in the brain. | -May be localized or generalized
63
What is hydrocephalus?
Excess CSF accumulates in the skull.
64
What are the two types of hydrocephalus?
- Non communicating or obstructive hydrocephalus | - communicating hydrocephalus
65
What is Parkinsons Disease?
- Progressive degenerative disorder | - dysfunction of the extrapyramidal motor system.
66
What is Myasthenia Gravis?
Autoimmune disorder | -AUtoantibodies to ACH receptors forms
67
What is depression?
A common problem and often occurs in clients with chronic illness -Classified as mood disorders with reversal subgroups
68
Characteristics of depression?
Results from decreased activity by excitatory neurotransmitters -indicated by prolonged period of unfounded sadness

FInal (10 decks)

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